{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4","short_pith_number":"pith:USVD4JXA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2209.08558","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2022-09-18T12:55:13Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"21ea146286a775280e6683c4b437ca8ffe67c636d3707e0720d3290f709b9568","abstract_canon_sha256":"47038cfd45eb1c0e14a32d5f541b0ef66d8e7a497c60bafccf93e9eecf1a4d79"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a4aa3e26e010afc73379006bef0deb8731506123747f35f9458b82990006b998","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2209.08558","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2209.08558","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2209.08558v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2209.08558","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"USVD4JXACCX4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"USVD4JXACCX4OM3Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"USVD4JXA","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2209.08558","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2022-09-18T12:55:13Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"21ea146286a775280e6683c4b437ca8ffe67c636d3707e0720d3290f709b9568","abstract_canon_sha256":"47038cfd45eb1c0e14a32d5f541b0ef66d8e7a497c60bafccf93e9eecf1a4d79"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a4aa3e26e010afc73379006bef0deb8731506123747f35f9458b82990006b998","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42.960168Z","signature_b64":"GJzF88jpajMJTRzM+sNrJEeAuIzi2M1jQUrF+TiHnQhT8UWRJwIhbTU5NXJmGa4pwUgulZUkyv2JPVbc3pNPAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a4aa3e26e010afc73379006bef0deb8731506123747f35f9458b82990006b998","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42.959761Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42.959761Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2209.08558","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"R+GnBu/1L+mjNahw/Z4q9Y+NfMIzPv4QwC+H871SBqOGlCNF5iNPJn8+IpvWw9wc+5pOJs6XRL05wkvoplpRCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:22:04.218143Z"},"content_sha256":"4c2410b2a856b3f75d80917615f8945e118d3c47cbc945768bfb3bc62fd3efbd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4c2410b2a856b3f75d80917615f8945e118d3c47cbc945768bfb3bc62fd3efbd"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Short Introduction to Reionization Physics","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Tirthankar Roy Choudhury","submitted_at":"2022-09-18T12:55:13Z","abstract_excerpt":"The epoch of reionization probes the state of our universe when the very first stars formed and ionized the hydrogen atoms in the surrounding medium. Since the epoch has not yet been probed observationally, it is often called the \"final frontier\" of observational cosmology. This final frontier is attracting a lot of attention because of the availability of a large number of telescopes in a wide variety of wavebands. This review article summarizes some of the concepts required to understand the interesting physics of reionization and how to analyze the high-redshift universe using related obser"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2209.08558","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2209.08558/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AQR2c+4xr5JbV7ToWTsGp26A9CpXdoY3OLk+rOsapZVd1gr7/77FJ/QYusv+yBLMIlySNP1bYJUIxgl1U6YsAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:22:04.218885Z"},"content_sha256":"d032109023f0b16f9c39fbdc6af3f8b6168e25304b0c24f9a1312c90252ad320","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d032109023f0b16f9c39fbdc6af3f8b6168e25304b0c24f9a1312c90252ad320"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-21T07:22:04Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:USVD4JXACCX4OM3ZABV66DPLQ4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"47038cfd45eb1c0e14a32d5f541b0ef66d8e7a497c60bafccf93e9eecf1a4d79","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2022-09-18T12:55:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"21ea146286a775280e6683c4b437ca8ffe67c636d3707e0720d3290f709b9568"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2209.08558","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2209.08558","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2209.08558v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2209.08558","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"USVD4JXACCX4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"USVD4JXACCX4OM3Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"USVD4JXA","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d032109023f0b16f9c39fbdc6af3f8b6168e25304b0c24f9a1312c90252ad320","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2209.08558/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The epoch of reionization probes the state of our universe when the very first stars formed and ionized the hydrogen atoms in the surrounding medium. Since the epoch has not yet been probed observationally, it is often called the \"final frontier\" of observational cosmology. This final frontier is attracting a lot of attention because of the availability of a large number of telescopes in a wide variety of wavebands. This review article summarizes some of the concepts required to understand the interesting physics of reionization and how to analyze the high-redshift universe using related obser","authors_text":"Tirthankar Roy Choudhury","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2022-09-18T12:55:13Z","title":"A Short Introduction to Reionization Physics"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2209.08558","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4c2410b2a856b3f75d80917615f8945e118d3c47cbc945768bfb3bc62fd3efbd","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"47038cfd45eb1c0e14a32d5f541b0ef66d8e7a497c60bafccf93e9eecf1a4d79","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2022-09-18T12:55:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"21ea146286a775280e6683c4b437ca8ffe67c636d3707e0720d3290f709b9568"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2209.08558","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"a4aa3e26e010afc73379006bef0deb8731506123747f35f9458b82990006b998","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a4aa3e26e010afc73379006bef0deb8731506123747f35f9458b82990006b998","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42.959761Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42.959761Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"GJzF88jpajMJTRzM+sNrJEeAuIzi2M1jQUrF+TiHnQhT8UWRJwIhbTU5NXJmGa4pwUgulZUkyv2JPVbc3pNPAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:58:42.960168Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2209.08558","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4c2410b2a856b3f75d80917615f8945e118d3c47cbc945768bfb3bc62fd3efbd","sha256:d032109023f0b16f9c39fbdc6af3f8b6168e25304b0c24f9a1312c90252ad320"],"state_sha256":"b717a482aba7d40ff415cffcf6ca47c6f88623bcbfab81998bf87862e30fdbfa"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CWb3iJ9E3V7rfFMr5jUL1IYU7fgndQkfNVFDRbigyGdq5x2vdfHfwnYDqQts+5s31mbWhX5Vht/oNIQw6KvKDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:22:04.224271Z","bundle_sha256":"035770a6ca52300b0870186a27cad0cc0620ba9876af20990670e1149c466f35"}}