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The thermal structure of the penumbra below its visible surface (i.e., $\\tau_5 \\ge 1$) has important implications for our present understanding of sunspots and their penumbrae: their brightness and energy transport, mode conversion of magneto-acoustic waves, sunspot seismology, and so forth. $Aims$. We aim at determining the thermal stratification in the layers immediately beneath the visible surface of the penumbra: $\\tau_5 \\in [1,3]$ ($\\approx 70-80$ km below the visible continuum-forming layer). $Methods$. We analyzed spectropolarimetric data (i.e., Stokes profiles) in three Fe \\"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1705.02832","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2017-05-08T11:32:11Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"59d825433e36dd2057381efda5b79c9495a0d8fd0710492b046b90b0e6ebfa7f","abstract_canon_sha256":"ecfd188d9d53c588412c0df8e4d830314ece1477729f069d6a939977e42f759b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:49.944267Z","signature_b64":"Bl/xL+m7b4zd3OJ4SpKxx1AGIQC9BJUFM1hXrKDCqi+wpv484KSdY7VYBGnqCt9rGosxa+rNdf+iKIxT2AhYCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ac7bc1955ac6abc7812376ac642edd67b5240ffbf78cdd6e8ee28022ef874b52","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:49.943753Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:49.943753Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Penumbral thermal structure below the visible surface","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","authors_text":"A. 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