{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF","short_pith_number":"pith:Z4LMUGZB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.01029","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-02T22:14:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"65eab9df1c1de668a10d3bee39a17e08f62abfa61133f08c00e422fa540bd3b2","abstract_canon_sha256":"4e0b1404aeb49b066e6b730ca92d56f5fe327c530438c78f8b0edff70c7c3440"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"cf16ca1b2141941749765f74a82431196caedfcb0893fd22887b87c3ef4a22b7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2309.01029","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.01029","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.01029v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.01029","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Z4LMUGZBIGKB","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Z4LMUGZB","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.01029","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-02T22:14:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"65eab9df1c1de668a10d3bee39a17e08f62abfa61133f08c00e422fa540bd3b2","abstract_canon_sha256":"4e0b1404aeb49b066e6b730ca92d56f5fe327c530438c78f8b0edff70c7c3440"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"cf16ca1b2141941749765f74a82431196caedfcb0893fd22887b87c3ef4a22b7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54.710255Z","signature_b64":"7nhFuMKRDcuZt9ZG3WHR8+z47/zY5V5QoKE6SrAWBoyx6EkyWsPmSPK5l+Y+3ElljkuVLxO1resATc+lf/BNDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"cf16ca1b2141941749765f74a82431196caedfcb0893fd22887b87c3ef4a22b7","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54.709778Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54.709778Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2309.01029","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bxMojCqExEkgv6GWXu4SwNhQkEXGkiNtOqSdgfe7h7LmlW8IW2uwhfKt0LBvyYy++QB7e4fV3oFQAe5zf6yTBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T21:02:45.491843Z"},"content_sha256":"91b3b24a47257836b33f7f758e3e80c72445e90ee9e60a9b5d45569ed2cf50ac","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:91b3b24a47257836b33f7f758e3e80c72445e90ee9e60a9b5d45569ed2cf50ac"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Explainability for Large Language Models: A Survey","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Dawei Yin, Fan Yang, Haiyan Zhao, Hanjie Chen, Hengyi Cai, Huiqi Deng, Mengnan Du, Ninghao Liu, Shuaiqiang Wang","submitted_at":"2023-09-02T22:14:26Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language processing. However, their internal mechanisms are still unclear and this lack of transparency poses unwanted risks for downstream applications. Therefore, understanding and explaining these models is crucial for elucidating their behaviors, limitations, and social impacts. In this paper, we introduce a taxonomy of explainability techniques and provide a structured overview of methods for explaining Transformer-based language models. We categorize techniques based on the training paradigms of LLMs: tradi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.01029","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2309.01029/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bZmqafpQjDBd1HGo/1PnJGQkcT5vXulepUbkF+9YdnayPG/ELPAgT5J40Mwlail2f9xUiZrNE6J7zRDKE1aICw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T21:02:45.492230Z"},"content_sha256":"d56b914df288b8e3d75b0dc39c6b6894a90506b0c35099c493b4d0aa0c0acec9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d56b914df288b8e3d75b0dc39c6b6894a90506b0c35099c493b4d0aa0c0acec9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-11T21:02:45Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLWL52KQJBRDF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4e0b1404aeb49b066e6b730ca92d56f5fe327c530438c78f8b0edff70c7c3440","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-02T22:14:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"65eab9df1c1de668a10d3bee39a17e08f62abfa61133f08c00e422fa540bd3b2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.01029","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.01029","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.01029v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.01029","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Z4LMUGZBIGKB","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Z4LMUGZBIGKBOSLW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Z4LMUGZB","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d56b914df288b8e3d75b0dc39c6b6894a90506b0c35099c493b4d0aa0c0acec9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2309.01029/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language processing. However, their internal mechanisms are still unclear and this lack of transparency poses unwanted risks for downstream applications. Therefore, understanding and explaining these models is crucial for elucidating their behaviors, limitations, and social impacts. In this paper, we introduce a taxonomy of explainability techniques and provide a structured overview of methods for explaining Transformer-based language models. We categorize techniques based on the training paradigms of LLMs: tradi","authors_text":"Dawei Yin, Fan Yang, Haiyan Zhao, Hanjie Chen, Hengyi Cai, Huiqi Deng, Mengnan Du, Ninghao Liu, Shuaiqiang Wang","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-02T22:14:26Z","title":"Explainability for Large Language Models: A Survey"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.01029","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:91b3b24a47257836b33f7f758e3e80c72445e90ee9e60a9b5d45569ed2cf50ac","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4e0b1404aeb49b066e6b730ca92d56f5fe327c530438c78f8b0edff70c7c3440","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-02T22:14:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"65eab9df1c1de668a10d3bee39a17e08f62abfa61133f08c00e422fa540bd3b2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.01029","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"cf16ca1b2141941749765f74a82431196caedfcb0893fd22887b87c3ef4a22b7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"cf16ca1b2141941749765f74a82431196caedfcb0893fd22887b87c3ef4a22b7","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54.709778Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54.709778Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"7nhFuMKRDcuZt9ZG3WHR8+z47/zY5V5QoKE6SrAWBoyx6EkyWsPmSPK5l+Y+3ElljkuVLxO1resATc+lf/BNDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:54.710255Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2309.01029","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:91b3b24a47257836b33f7f758e3e80c72445e90ee9e60a9b5d45569ed2cf50ac","sha256:d56b914df288b8e3d75b0dc39c6b6894a90506b0c35099c493b4d0aa0c0acec9"],"state_sha256":"ea0bf4980daa0183d352d0f76ed1d3fc162f4c49cf70702a545e9c8a6c5423d1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YCE11MqLKipzcosblDW1Esf3essTSmWfCrVWswRZJTUpixLctOaN3ct/qmOgP6g5ZJeZf7wDPlMhm63UGycYCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T21:02:45.494752Z","bundle_sha256":"6bddcda2df9e7694ae0bc3a85168992293122ef50e4304c35be83457044e6460"}}