{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS","short_pith_number":"pith:ZD4K52JS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1902.06776","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T19:53:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1d281948c6482d25f3d97fbfcfddc8c6ca7d90319d52ee0244f17d7e0894dbdd","abstract_canon_sha256":"e4598b92318993c9d3773ac53a7c83aa49695bf1adc2437ee828b223cab6a6b0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c8f8aee93274e3923149c80a142e828cb12e8f8d73b86b2a52eec2763afb71fa","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1902.06776","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1902.06776","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1902.06776v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1902.06776","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZD4K52JSOTRZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZD4K52JS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1902.06776","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T19:53:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1d281948c6482d25f3d97fbfcfddc8c6ca7d90319d52ee0244f17d7e0894dbdd","abstract_canon_sha256":"e4598b92318993c9d3773ac53a7c83aa49695bf1adc2437ee828b223cab6a6b0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c8f8aee93274e3923149c80a142e828cb12e8f8d73b86b2a52eec2763afb71fa","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40.826162Z","signature_b64":"xeR6CoAlA6iXmnblk8DT69FJahH+QegTxUJEh1VPfTr8uvmz3pjiKEhBqL1zGqoo1FdpWkjT17puDKYWedmSBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c8f8aee93274e3923149c80a142e828cb12e8f8d73b86b2a52eec2763afb71fa","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40.825640Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40.825640Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1902.06776","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"h0o3EV617sNRQ5nEvMKFZILXr1CZ9PoCbD8/AVSz3eltS/of3IOHOyU1OEIeQfCzn6edjilrxvBbJ/3vHyqGBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T17:41:51.153178Z"},"content_sha256":"3fc4e201855063ffeab77c55f9c7fd016b3c5b3b8c1d2f6f1a28e8919a90327b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3fc4e201855063ffeab77c55f9c7fd016b3c5b3b8c1d2f6f1a28e8919a90327b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Generalised Solution to Distributed Consensus","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.DC","authors_text":"Heidi Howard, Richard Mortier","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T19:53:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Distributed consensus, the ability to reach agreement in the face of failures and asynchrony, is a fundamental primitive for constructing reliable distributed systems from unreliable components. The Paxos algorithm is synonymous with distributed consensus, yet it performs poorly in practice and is famously difficult to understand. In this paper, we re-examine the foundations of distributed consensus. We derive an abstract solution to consensus, which utilises immutable state for intuitive reasoning about safety. We prove that our abstract solution generalises over Paxos as well as the Fast Pax"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1902.06776","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cqwVJBXiOtKs9eQZJeylSmjxEta9KGl4EJaLol7p0ZMt7HdNy6DI8gGfDkKj1SM2cgwDfN/H33K+ag8ViEH8BA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T17:41:51.153617Z"},"content_sha256":"6a8ad6810fc70d91fd1623b1be4ccf95e217e4b0c9e05c8a849f498b5fd465fc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6a8ad6810fc70d91fd1623b1be4ccf95e217e4b0c9e05c8a849f498b5fd465fc"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T17:41:51Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJZAFBILUCRS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e4598b92318993c9d3773ac53a7c83aa49695bf1adc2437ee828b223cab6a6b0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T19:53:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"1d281948c6482d25f3d97fbfcfddc8c6ca7d90319d52ee0244f17d7e0894dbdd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1902.06776","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1902.06776","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1902.06776v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1902.06776","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZD4K52JSOTRZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZD4K52JSOTRZEMKJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZD4K52JS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6a8ad6810fc70d91fd1623b1be4ccf95e217e4b0c9e05c8a849f498b5fd465fc","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Distributed consensus, the ability to reach agreement in the face of failures and asynchrony, is a fundamental primitive for constructing reliable distributed systems from unreliable components. The Paxos algorithm is synonymous with distributed consensus, yet it performs poorly in practice and is famously difficult to understand. In this paper, we re-examine the foundations of distributed consensus. We derive an abstract solution to consensus, which utilises immutable state for intuitive reasoning about safety. We prove that our abstract solution generalises over Paxos as well as the Fast Pax","authors_text":"Heidi Howard, Richard Mortier","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T19:53:56Z","title":"A Generalised Solution to Distributed Consensus"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1902.06776","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3fc4e201855063ffeab77c55f9c7fd016b3c5b3b8c1d2f6f1a28e8919a90327b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e4598b92318993c9d3773ac53a7c83aa49695bf1adc2437ee828b223cab6a6b0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T19:53:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"1d281948c6482d25f3d97fbfcfddc8c6ca7d90319d52ee0244f17d7e0894dbdd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1902.06776","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"c8f8aee93274e3923149c80a142e828cb12e8f8d73b86b2a52eec2763afb71fa","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c8f8aee93274e3923149c80a142e828cb12e8f8d73b86b2a52eec2763afb71fa","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40.825640Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40.825640Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"xeR6CoAlA6iXmnblk8DT69FJahH+QegTxUJEh1VPfTr8uvmz3pjiKEhBqL1zGqoo1FdpWkjT17puDKYWedmSBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:40.826162Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1902.06776","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3fc4e201855063ffeab77c55f9c7fd016b3c5b3b8c1d2f6f1a28e8919a90327b","sha256:6a8ad6810fc70d91fd1623b1be4ccf95e217e4b0c9e05c8a849f498b5fd465fc"],"state_sha256":"b6032229b661c5b608c097f5778ebbf54657895919dda3b410b33cd9b64ee21b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ZJy+n8joVlCedHNC2+qxBcDJmd67vahxR0Z+1D84P4OFod5Pt9P+hPr9M2yW9mmj1z3+8bv4ZBRIf33/mnIfCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T17:41:51.156134Z","bundle_sha256":"da3e22dbc1a78f7eff4bfcc4811583c769ebe1a7c80500474e02334026d0d626"}}