{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS","short_pith_number":"pith:ZI5CWMCI","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1608.04038","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-08-13T23:55:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b82c595fb706b404a6fa17509c7f03fa6699b79d9e2ea044e98450f30ba54598","abstract_canon_sha256":"ca25dc0adfffdd2cfa8b191b958e957ae906a1f81050030c5ce04f0333f6ffc9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ca3a2b3048e364233bdd8782c6ec45649bf581eaae352feddc259f64b90e140b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1608.04038","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1608.04038","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1608.04038v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1608.04038","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZI5CWMCI4NSC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZI5CWMCI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1608.04038","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-08-13T23:55:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b82c595fb706b404a6fa17509c7f03fa6699b79d9e2ea044e98450f30ba54598","abstract_canon_sha256":"ca25dc0adfffdd2cfa8b191b958e957ae906a1f81050030c5ce04f0333f6ffc9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ca3a2b3048e364233bdd8782c6ec45649bf581eaae352feddc259f64b90e140b","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04.395814Z","signature_b64":"7mruizPvEvUrJNn/f2BRWnIq2ytVnt5pdelLCdhBmXEfyf9JL4CbPQ6T5ZHpKRcox+HRC0djTqdh3KTJOVWODA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ca3a2b3048e364233bdd8782c6ec45649bf581eaae352feddc259f64b90e140b","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04.395438Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04.395438Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1608.04038","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8rWa3P9XVCefZHHG5Qx4Fyp4slwm/gUP9pyl5gsC7D3btMUoPAW5dcqcmQyagdZwpDudRsJVfj826NsJcnyaDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T07:20:15.124366Z"},"content_sha256":"541b456c64d37d078a6b06e4663a6ea1b67c48335726bfdbf846e35a533c68d6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:541b456c64d37d078a6b06e4663a6ea1b67c48335726bfdbf846e35a533c68d6"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Prediction of the bed-load transport by gas-liquid stratified flows in horizontal ducts","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Erick de Moraes Franklin","submitted_at":"2016-08-13T23:55:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"Solid particles can be transported as a mobile granular bed, known as bed-load, by pressure-driven flows. A common case in industry is the presence of bed-load in stratified gas-liquid flows in horizontal ducts. In this case, an initially flat granular bed may be unstable, generating ripples and dunes. This three-phase flow, although complex, can be modeled under some simplifying assumptions. This paper presents a model for the estimation of some bed-load characteristics. Based on parameters easily measurable in industry, the model can predict the local bed-load flow rates and the celerity and"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1608.04038","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NnvadJA25WEUhktZgRYPUu1puKpPtkpNZ2roTPQQ9L1BLtbaYsrVs/mjfnhbEcnzEKIVpX97rETUX9DFKnXRAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T07:20:15.124715Z"},"content_sha256":"168aaf61ae44eca919c357bda7157a940d752cb54a5c856f91f77b62b76b0a40","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:168aaf61ae44eca919c357bda7157a940d752cb54a5c856f91f77b62b76b0a40"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-24T07:20:15Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65Q6BMN3CFMS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ca25dc0adfffdd2cfa8b191b958e957ae906a1f81050030c5ce04f0333f6ffc9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-08-13T23:55:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"b82c595fb706b404a6fa17509c7f03fa6699b79d9e2ea044e98450f30ba54598"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1608.04038","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1608.04038","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1608.04038v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1608.04038","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZI5CWMCI4NSC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZI5CWMCI4NSCGO65","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZI5CWMCI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:168aaf61ae44eca919c357bda7157a940d752cb54a5c856f91f77b62b76b0a40","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Solid particles can be transported as a mobile granular bed, known as bed-load, by pressure-driven flows. A common case in industry is the presence of bed-load in stratified gas-liquid flows in horizontal ducts. In this case, an initially flat granular bed may be unstable, generating ripples and dunes. This three-phase flow, although complex, can be modeled under some simplifying assumptions. This paper presents a model for the estimation of some bed-load characteristics. Based on parameters easily measurable in industry, the model can predict the local bed-load flow rates and the celerity and","authors_text":"Erick de Moraes Franklin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-08-13T23:55:53Z","title":"Prediction of the bed-load transport by gas-liquid stratified flows in horizontal ducts"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1608.04038","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:541b456c64d37d078a6b06e4663a6ea1b67c48335726bfdbf846e35a533c68d6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ca25dc0adfffdd2cfa8b191b958e957ae906a1f81050030c5ce04f0333f6ffc9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2016-08-13T23:55:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"b82c595fb706b404a6fa17509c7f03fa6699b79d9e2ea044e98450f30ba54598"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1608.04038","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"ca3a2b3048e364233bdd8782c6ec45649bf581eaae352feddc259f64b90e140b","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ca3a2b3048e364233bdd8782c6ec45649bf581eaae352feddc259f64b90e140b","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04.395438Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04.395438Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"7mruizPvEvUrJNn/f2BRWnIq2ytVnt5pdelLCdhBmXEfyf9JL4CbPQ6T5ZHpKRcox+HRC0djTqdh3KTJOVWODA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:09:04.395814Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1608.04038","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:541b456c64d37d078a6b06e4663a6ea1b67c48335726bfdbf846e35a533c68d6","sha256:168aaf61ae44eca919c357bda7157a940d752cb54a5c856f91f77b62b76b0a40"],"state_sha256":"e166ad1ae41b978ceacae9d59d7db6a4dcbad918da366278d9c5d8ca4b381551"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"k8p2uiVOq6pjqS/aji4RlIWFOmNtQkXJFDCJLpfjY9QExeekEUdy6CEq4sAAYzkbGZaapCxqKZ3t9UWbbdPeBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T07:20:15.126713Z","bundle_sha256":"3ae5c59e76f66cbb4681ec448e0b598134f7077a3ed858e3a3406c5454985f20"}}