Across 358 behavioral-science meta-analyses, outlier-handling treatments changed the significance verdict in 11.5% and the smallest-effect-size verdict in 15.9% of meta-analyses, while leaving the mean effect almost unchanged.
Neither Fixed nor Random: Weighted Least Squares Meta- Analysis
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Do decisions about outliers and influential effects matter? Evidence from 358 behavioral science meta-analyses
Across 358 behavioral-science meta-analyses, outlier-handling treatments changed the significance verdict in 11.5% and the smallest-effect-size verdict in 15.9% of meta-analyses, while leaving the mean effect almost unchanged.