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Schwinger-Dyson equations and line integrals

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arxiv 1809.06888 v1 pith:YKMVWX4T submitted 2018-09-18 math-ph hep-latmath.MP

classification math-phhep-latmath.MP
keywords casescomplexequationsexplainsfactgeneralintegralslinear
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The Complex Langevin (CL) method sometimes shows convergence to the wrong limit, even though the Schwinger-Dyson Equations (SDE) are fulfilled. We analyze this problem in a more general context for the case of one complex variable. We prove a theorem that shows that under rather general conditions not only the equilibrium measure of CL but any linear functional satisfying the SDE on a space of test functions is given by a linear combination of integrals along paths connecting the zeroes of the underlying measure and noncontractible closed paths. This proves rigorously a conjecture stated long ago by one us (L.~L.~S.) and explains a fact observed in nonergodic cases of CL. one us (L.~L.~S.) and explains a fact observed in nonergodic cases of CL.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. The Role of Integration Cycles in Complex Langevin Simulations

    hep-lat 2024-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Complex Langevin results in one- and two-dimensional toy models match a linear combination of integration cycles when boundary terms vanish, and the kernel choice controls which cycles contribute.

  2. Combining complex Langevin dynamics with score-based and energy-based diffusion models

    hep-lat 2025-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Energy-based diffusion models trained on complex Langevin data produce an explicit energy function for the sampled distribution, enabling MCMC without re-simulation.

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