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How to switch between relational quantum clocks

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arxiv 1810.04153 v3 pith:CPLJEKZL submitted 2018-10-09 gr-qc quant-ph

classification gr-qcquant-ph
keywords quantumdifferentrelativechoiceclockclockschoicesgeneral
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Every clock is a physical system and thereby ultimately quantum. A naturally arising question is how to describe time evolution relative to quantum clocks and, specifically, how the dynamics relative to different quantum clocks are related. This is a pressing issue in view of the multiple choice problem of time in quantum gravity, which posits that there is no distinguished choice of internal clock in generic general relativistic systems and that different choices lead to inequivalent quantum theories. Exploiting a recent approach to switching quantum reference systems (arXiv:1809.00556, arXiv:1809:05093), we exhibit a systematic method for switching between different clock choices in the quantum theory. We illustrate it by means of the parametrized particle, which, like gravity, features a Hamiltonian constraint. We explicitly switch between the quantum evolution relative to the non-relativistic time variable and that relative to the particle's position, which requires carefully regularizing the zero-modes in the so-called time-of-arrival observable. While this toy model is simple, our approach is general and directly amenable to quantum cosmology. It proceeds by systematically linking the reduced quantum theories relative to different clock choices via the clock-choice-neutral Dirac quantized theory, in analogy to coordinate changes on a manifold. This method suggests a new perspective on the multiple choice problem, indicating that it is rather a multiple choice feature of a complete relational quantum theory, taken as the conjunction of Dirac quantized and quantum deparametrized theories. Precisely this conjunction permits one to consistently switch between different temporal reference systems which is a prerequisite for a quantum notion of general covariance. Finally, we show that quantum uncertainties lead to discontinuity in the relational dynamics when switching clocks.

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Quantum reference frames beyond subsystems: a reconstruction and generalization of the perspective-neutral framework

    quant-ph 2026-07 accept novelty 7.5 of 10

    Quantum reference frames need not be subsystems: covariant instruments suffice, recovering the perspective-neutral framework operationally and enabling labeling frames and exact interacting relational clocks.

  2. How many degrees of freedom describe a quantum N-particle state?

    quant-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    For closed quantum N-particle systems all 3N canonical degrees of freedom are physical; the frame degrees of freedom that relational models discard reappear as non-Heisenberg terms in generalised uncertainty relations...

  3. Relational Observables in Group Field Theory

    gr-qc 2024-12 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    POVM-based conditioning on scalar-field quantum reference frames defines relational observables in group field theory that match prior number and volume results on coherent states.

  4. Quantum clocks and the temporal localisability of events in the presence of gravitating quantum systems

    quant-ph 2019-08 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    An event is time-delocalised from the perspective of other gravitationally interacting clocks but always sharply localised from the perspective of the clock that triggers it.

  5. On the relation between perspective-neutral, algebraic, and effective quantum reference frames

    quant-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    For ideal quantum reference frames with a single constraint, the perspective-neutral, algebraic, and effective semiclassical approaches describe the same physics and the same frame-switching rules.

  6. Unitary quantum matter-bounce in a universe with a positive cosmological constant

    gr-qc 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Quantizing a dust-filled universe with positive cosmological constant yields a unitary wave packet whose expectation value bounces, avoiding the classical Big Bang singularity.

  7. Crossed products and quantum reference frames: on the observer-dependence of gravitational entropy

    hep-th 2024-12 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    Gravitational subregion entropy is observer-dependent: different quantum clocks produce different von Neumann algebras and different entropy functionals for the same global state.

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