Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques

As of 20 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 24 of 24 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:1908.09738.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
1908.09738 v1

Coverage vector

measured 24 of 24 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.510897Z

measured 24 of 24 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

24 of 24 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy23
unresolved0
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 35c4967a-a271-493d-b67d-d8ee7c89865f · outbound

This paper cites set my alarm.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques set my alarm

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.798907Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 59954aa7-bdde-4de2-a019-41710ac7bbe1 · outbound

This paper cites expected counts.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques expected counts

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.788077Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 519caf0b-435b-4f72-9ba5-3c17402b5a72 · outbound

This paper cites However, the backoff structure of n-gram LMs presents a complication.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques However, the backoff structure of n-gram LMs presents a complication

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.776900Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 1a419c77-21a1-4032-beab-93d052c3bbe1 · outbound

This paper cites Count merging appears to be ﬁrst formally described in [6] (and elaborated on in [3]), while widely known (in some form) before that.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Count merging appears to be ﬁrst formally described in [6] (and elaborated on in [3]), while widely known (in some form) before that

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.766818Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 031cd85a-eb13-4461-8ffa-a099a14a3cc4 · outbound

This paper cites raw character level data.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques raw character level data

Reference 5

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.746145Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 37b71224-a97c-4511-8410-2280a0d143e7 · outbound

This paper cites We evaluated these techniques as w ell as linear interpolation in three scenarios with abundant tr ain- ing data.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques We evaluated these techniques as w ell as linear interpolation in three scenarios with abundant tr ain- ing data

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.702406Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation f91f7f61-c461-4790-b981-e6852270e66f · outbound

This paper cites because the predicted word is un- seen.).

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques because the predicted word is un- seen.)

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.735358Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation ede32c68-8e08-4a06-8e08-80e18f267196 · outbound

This paper cites We note in Sec- tion 2 that while it is theoretically possible to learn param eters corresponding to p(i|h) in Equation 1, it is rarely practical.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques We note in Sec- tion 2 that while it is theoretically possible to learn param eters corresponding to p(i|h) in Equation 1, it is rarely practical

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.757088Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation e0ab8eb8-f00e-4101-97bb-c67e3ba95413 · outbound

This paper cites The dynamically interpolated model will assign the n-gram a very low probability, because of 1.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques The dynamically interpolated model will assign the n-gram a very low probability, because of 1

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.724033Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation cb44a6eb-c52c-4562-84df-2b3b6a71bfdb · outbound

This paper cites An analogous situation arises for Bayesian interpolation, but the effect is much less severe.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques An analogous situation arises for Bayesian interpolation, but the effect is much less severe

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.712948Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation a9d16bcf-0b67-4270-9f0e-6fd1cf90a6c5 · outbound

This paper cites One billion word benchmark for measur- ing progress in statistical language modeling,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques One billion word benchmark for measur- ing progress in statistical language modeling,

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.691024Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 5276a523-d775-41ea-a340-2bf492fcc172 · outbound

This paper cites Interpolated estimation of Ma rkov source parameters from sparse data,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Interpolated estimation of Ma rkov source parameters from sparse data,

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.679629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 565e9d42-f560-4ed0-91c9-aa791927b41a · outbound

This paper cites MAP adap - tation of stochastic grammars,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques MAP adap - tation of stochastic grammars,

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.669673Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation b3023879-9f1a-4535-bd8b-2be0126eb34d · outbound

This paper cites Generalized linear interpolation of langua ge models,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Generalized linear interpolation of langua ge models,

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.659300Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation efb987cc-5d4e-4901-9f25-a1a37dfaf388 · outbound

This paper cites Bayesian language model inter pola- tion for mobile speech input,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Bayesian language model inter pola- tion for mobile speech input,

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.648157Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation e2baab0a-720c-44b3-b80e-1ed23750023a · outbound

This paper cites Unsupervised language model adap- tation,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Unsupervised language model adap- tation,

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.637068Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c2d30c1a-760d-492f-9322-6f6d2261dcb1 · outbound

This paper cites L M95 project report: Fast training and portability,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques L M95 project report: Fast training and portability,

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.626870Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation b89b9d5f-ada0-4686-af22-90bf410c6159 · outbound

This paper cites Use of co n- texts in language model interpolation and adaptation,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Use of co n- texts in language model interpolation and adaptation,

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.616203Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 9a38d6d6-9609-4ed9-b320-b6d8972c90a7 · outbound

This paper cites Pointer sentinel mixture models,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Pointer sentinel mixture models,

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.602847Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation f6c0a8c0-538c-4659-8b14-6c2778137f32 · outbound

This paper cites Indexing by latent semantic analysis,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Indexing by latent semantic analysis,

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.589423Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 3a3a4718-f90d-45e6-ad0b-d59cbd63688d · outbound

This paper cites Some methods for classiﬁcation and analysis of multivariate observations,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Some methods for classiﬁcation and analysis of multivariate observations,

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.578261Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation ec683372-63d4-401d-bbe8-85aa38e86681 · outbound

This paper cites A comparison of the enhanced Good-Turing and deleted estimation methods for estimating prob- abilities of English bigrams,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques A comparison of the enhanced Good-Turing and deleted estimation methods for estimating prob- abilities of English bigrams,

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.567493Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 5463b7a5-1e7a-4ab5-a5f2-b228b6f302ea · outbound

This paper cites A limited memor y algorithm for bound constrained optimization,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques A limited memor y algorithm for bound constrained optimization,

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.555869Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 12a62a63-4f0b-47a0-945a-ae3cd5c7600c · outbound

This paper cites Entropy-based pruning of backoff languag e models,.

Connecting and Comparing Language Model Interpolation Techniques Entropy-based pruning of backoff languag e models,

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:09:04.542902Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.