Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 35 of 35 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:1909.00437.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
1909.00437 v1

Coverage vector

measured 35 of 35 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.954550Z

measured 35 of 35 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

35 of 35 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy1
unresolved30
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 297eaa3d-7614-4580-aa44-4de1d88f073c · outbound

This paper cites URL: " 'urlintro :=.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation URL: " 'urlintro :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.806564Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 89b07d0e-2eae-47c6-99cf-bb10088c29e6 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.811470Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cdecb2e2-7212-49eb-b2dc-726b16114b01 · outbound

This paper cites Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.815925Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5eef5b12-9cb5-41f3-aa55-e429f492f662 · outbound

This paper cites Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyond.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyond

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.820755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7b80300c-ee46-4e8e-be20-9aa39daf69e9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.825065Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d0035458-8122-4d3d-8f40-1e57491318b9 · outbound

This paper cites Bowman, Holger Schwenk, and Veselin Stoyanov.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Bowman, Holger Schwenk, and Veselin Stoyanov

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.829051Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0e80b0a-19d6-4f2e-9bb9-d4582f024b1d · outbound

This paper cites BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.833342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ae60e73e-7152-40f4-8de0-6b671347da39 · outbound

This paper cites Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Classification Using Multilingual Neural Machine Translation.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Classification Using Multilingual Neural Machine Translation

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.837744Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3de51ce4-0ab3-40fa-b012-721c8451adb7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.370329Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 33f464cf-739f-43ee-a1b4-22fbc555d4da · outbound

This paper cites Multi-Way, Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with a Shared Attention Mechanism.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Multi-Way, Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with a Shared Attention Mechanism

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.846249Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 523dbc68-ce1c-48a8-97e1-b94af6e6a348 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.850598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d38214a1-8e3c-470a-b848-2400831ee91f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.351928Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 89825125-ab4c-4474-af45-f54f44fee9a2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.858759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09bb4c6e-65f2-483f-9382-a13b5b274eca · outbound

This paper cites Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.862558Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b8921ba9-f787-4a77-aead-5f63c4deb6cd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.866553Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c33a5183-87e5-4709-b9b2-fc271931b15c · outbound

This paper cites Polyglot Contextual Representations Improve Crosslingual Transfer.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Polyglot Contextual Representations Improve Crosslingual Transfer

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.146881Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 8f0dd709-6f7e-47a9-b682-3efac8adf5eb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.326805Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 3629c82e-a371-4cfb-8698-3db2c0e5cb35 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.879593Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 86326109-f781-418a-adfa-533bbfc54334 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.883378Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 14763563-ad64-4862-a009-fdf2ef53a0a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.302936Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation a4ed171a-82f4-46ab-9d15-70d8354f0575 · outbound

This paper cites Improving language understanding by generative pre-training.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Improving language understanding by generative pre-training

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.891858Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d987d3e-779c-406d-baeb-38556e6e5c3a · outbound

This paper cites A Survey Of Cross-lingual Word Embedding Models.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation A Survey Of Cross-lingual Word Embedding Models

Reference 22

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.130091Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 7b1b6f3c-9dc5-4e37-a432-c9ecff1fdfb9 · outbound

This paper cites Tjong Kim Sang.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Tjong Kim Sang

Reference 23

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.114930Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation a0676bff-77cb-44d7-935b-fc2681e56e9d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.285333Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation e3bafe30-2c28-4d98-92d2-58983770278a · outbound

This paper cites Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialog.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialog

Reference 25

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.052866Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation a2cbf154-a943-4d53-83bf-0c2f093fbc56 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.273878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 88492535-a6c3-4002-b84a-ef69729fef7f · outbound

This paper cites Adafactor: Adaptive Learning Rates with Sublinear Memory Cost.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Adafactor: Adaptive Learning Rates with Sublinear Memory Cost

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.918120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4e3c4bd9-59d6-43b4-8bb0-7df90e7fb54c · outbound

This paper cites Lingvo: a Modular and Scalable Framework for Sequence-to-Sequence Modeling.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Lingvo: a Modular and Scalable Framework for Sequence-to-Sequence Modeling

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.922830Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 27a3c2f8-abde-4ee7-a2bf-aa7d6d530e40 · outbound

This paper cites cloze procedure.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation cloze procedure

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.262363Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 259c57d3-1fac-4abf-a876-329df89e3ae4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.250576Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f7fa9f21-bafa-4205-8e39-6baac2e020bc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.934854Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a546c7c1-289b-40a3-86e9-1a1cc22138f6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.940957Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 87f89286-26c1-4a32-a5ed-5820f7bc25e6 · outbound

This paper cites Beto, Bentz, Becas: The Surprising Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of BERT.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Beto, Bentz, Becas: The Surprising Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of BERT

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.945734Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 13d3d148-ffc2-461e-a4da-c7477944e747 · outbound

This paper cites Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:27.950333Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 16b0e425-5834-4993-bb1f-ca23db912e96 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Evaluating the Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:55:28.223635Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.