Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 52 of 52 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:1909.02197.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
1909.02197 v2

Coverage vector

measured 52 of 52 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.060908Z

measured 52 of 52 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

52 of 52 outbound references displayed

verified exact3
verified fuzzy4
unresolved44
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch1

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 698165b9-30e4-4160-b2c5-1f9b0b35d917 · outbound

This paper cites URL: " 'urlintro :=.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale URL: " 'urlintro :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.882981Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ff4ec857-52c8-45dd-9c33-ee13a35803f7 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.887215Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ac024cbb-ed02-4aae-90d8-bc1a2e7adbcf · outbound

This paper cites Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.890966Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6a218c96-8a17-4bfe-80c9-d10b3c88734a · outbound

This paper cites Consistency by Agreement in Zero-shot Neural Machine Translation.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Consistency by Agreement in Zero-shot Neural Machine Translation

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.895224Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8afb52a7-651a-413d-ab0c-019a7788fb09 · outbound

This paper cites The Missing Ingredient in Zero-Shot Neural Machine Translation.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale The Missing Ingredient in Zero-Shot Neural Machine Translation

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.899144Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 197361ee-be73-44ab-9d1f-a47ea9714558 · outbound

This paper cites Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation in the Wild: Findings and Challenges.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation in the Wild: Findings and Challenges

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.903001Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5421a462-5849-4457-8b7b-221e4889336a · outbound

This paper cites Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyond.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyond

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.906940Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e0b0d12e-384b-44cc-9d68-81a2734d2aee · outbound

This paper cites Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.910810Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 46c63fc4-8b0b-41b8-b805-81ca0d243493 · outbound

This paper cites Identifying and Controlling Important Neurons in Neural Machine Translation.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Identifying and Controlling Important Neurons in Neural Machine Translation

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.914618Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 76586f0b-e6cf-4600-a6ad-6225614ab2cb · outbound

This paper cites What do Neural Machine Translation Models Learn about Morphology?.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale What do Neural Machine Translation Models Learn about Morphology?

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.917989Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d1edc78f-0332-4526-a059-4560031ddc18 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Layers of Representation in Neural Machine Translation on Part-of-Speech and Semantic Tagging Tasks.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Evaluating Layers of Representation in Neural Machine Translation on Part-of-Speech and Semantic Tagging Tasks

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.921481Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0d8baa8b-cf46-497b-9063-3a504b85c53a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.681897Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c1631b8b-8cf4-44c5-9bd2-9e0fca283d9e · outbound

This paper cites https://www.britannica.com/topic/South-Slavic-languages/media/556411/61368 Slavic languages' family tree.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale https://www.britannica.com/topic/South-Slavic-languages/media/556411/61368 Slavic languages' family tree

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.671556Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b2cb1e4b-f044-44ab-ba35-814a1e836a4f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.661210Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f0add814-51dd-49d4-a625-94a032d9d2ba · outbound

This paper cites Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.935177Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5d126514-94ff-40ff-9bb3-9c4cf929d245 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.649625Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b55d5ab7-21a0-4888-8624-f5fdaead8228 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.638827Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation cfc362e7-3ee5-465b-b1ba-ff64150f9d5d · outbound

This paper cites Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Classification Using Multilingual Neural Machine Translation.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Classification Using Multilingual Neural Machine Translation

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.945160Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8fc7e957-3b03-44e4-b317-3a04af508eaf · outbound

This paper cites Multi-Way, Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with a Shared Attention Mechanism.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Multi-Way, Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with a Shared Attention Mechanism

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.948853Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ccf5c7d8-c8cf-46b5-b7fb-67afb798cb9a · outbound

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Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.629631Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 21e48561-b2bf-4ad2-ac5a-288eb2d9c165 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.619023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation efcebfa5-cc43-4af4-918d-466b707f8e82 · outbound

This paper cites https://www.britannica.com/topic/West-Germanic-languages/German#ref603830 West Germanic Languages.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale https://www.britannica.com/topic/West-Germanic-languages/German#ref603830 West Germanic Languages

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.609765Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation d411262e-f1c1-4589-aa40-69a408bb9e5e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.599354Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 33b7d39b-8b01-4c23-aaf3-f0ff98fe0b96 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.965446Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bd64dbda-9bbb-4a12-b6e5-4d922bc92021 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.968595Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 57e42be8-048b-4fb4-97f1-c8ce0866966e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.577854Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 196aa715-0f1b-4bd8-9be2-e81df78d0126 · outbound

This paper cites SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processing.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processing

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.975005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 74969c65-e7fe-4a77-bc84-f648eca0d2ba · outbound

This paper cites Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.978958Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e4af0836-54ea-439b-a68b-065b62300b58 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.982452Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1ab26791-d550-47bd-8da8-49da0e4f5cd5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.562495Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 4a35e0c5-dad1-4ef0-97b9-6199fa27be69 · outbound

This paper cites Morcos, Maithra Raghu, and Samy Bengio.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Morcos, Maithra Raghu, and Samy Bengio

Reference 31

Resolution: metadata mismatch; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.313102Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 795c8430-4a57-4a21-aaa6-fd60f9b76b3d · outbound

This paper cites Rapid Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation to New Languages.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Rapid Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation to New Languages

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:37.992323Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c3c64251-7b23-48b0-bfd4-62ae21d57c9b · outbound

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Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Nguyen and David Chiang

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.551583Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation d501fb7c-6359-447e-98db-d15eaccd02cd · outbound

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Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.539194Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 7eeb30f3-203d-45f8-85df-cc3c24e932c1 · outbound

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Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Continuous multilinguality with language vectors

Reference 35

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.245087Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 087d749f-752f-4990-af0e-02a5d4f85d4c · outbound

This paper cites Phillips and M Davis.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Phillips and M Davis

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.527633Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 84a5040c-708a-44fd-86bb-81eca37788f8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.515917Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation cc4f3ba7-6f9c-409d-aa00-e62603f3486b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.505075Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 9de0fd35-b742-4db3-80a2-979c3affc778 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.494934Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation eb13d365-10c9-4f7d-a262-a46ee9e3460d · outbound

This paper cites Understanding Learning Dynamics Of Language Models with SVCCA.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Understanding Learning Dynamics Of Language Models with SVCCA

Reference 40

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3908611d-e322-493e-b36e-a2689c99451b · outbound

This paper cites Adafactor: Adaptive Learning Rates with Sublinear Memory Cost.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Adafactor: Adaptive Learning Rates with Sublinear Memory Cost

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.022434Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7578e34a-dc22-4105-893d-ee01ebcbb3ad · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.481411Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 27e623c2-bca0-4d72-b1d8-51547555ae52 · outbound

This paper cites http://assets.cambridge.org/97805212/94485/excerpt/9780521294485_excerpt.pdf The Slavic Languages.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale http://assets.cambridge.org/97805212/94485/excerpt/9780521294485_excerpt.pdf The Slavic Languages

Reference 43

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation c094658c-6072-4ef8-b5f4-bd69982d724c · outbound

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Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.470911Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 52215501-640b-4745-9b8b-c993bcbbaa6b · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with Language Clustering.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with Language Clustering

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.035740Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 370c269b-e5a8-4e33-bdaa-1c2b2926b846 · outbound

This paper cites What do you learn from context? Probing for sentence structure in contextualized word representations.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale What do you learn from context? Probing for sentence structure in contextualized word representations

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.039233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 91240f44-117b-4076-af4e-ce025e516ee3 · outbound

This paper cites Emerging Language Spaces Learned From Massively Multilingual Corpora.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Emerging Language Spaces Learned From Massively Multilingual Corpora

Reference 47

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.118441Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b68e3960-af34-4ae9-b58b-bc8ded0fe622 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.460184Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 56779259-6a04-4ac6-a436-c4f3c08f05ef · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.049965Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2011ac12-3a30-4c95-8c2a-abc1f58dc9db · outbound

This paper cites Beto, Bentz, Becas: The Surprising Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of BERT.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Beto, Bentz, Becas: The Surprising Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of BERT

Reference 50

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.104633Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 72658c4d-e6e6-4131-90e3-a4a7e2f19925 · outbound

This paper cites Language Modeling Teaches You More Syntax than Translation Does: Lessons Learned Through Auxiliary Task Analysis.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Language Modeling Teaches You More Syntax than Translation Does: Lessons Learned Through Auxiliary Task Analysis

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.057032Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2cddbec6-86d7-4ce3-bd01-84cf2eb29c52 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating Multilingual NMT Representations at Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:00:38.442722Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.