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On-shell Methods for Form Factors in N=4 SYM and Their Applications

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arxiv 1912.11454 v2 pith:532R56CG submitted 2019-12-24 hep-th

classification hep-th
keywords formfactorson-shelloperatorsamplitudesanomalousdimensionsgeneral
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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Form factors are quantities that involve both asymptotic on-shell states and gauge invariant operators. They provide a natural bridge between on-shell amplitudes and off-shell correlation functions of operators, thus allowing us to use modern on-shell amplitude techniques to probe into the off-shell side of quantum field theory. In particular, form factors have been successfully used in computing the cusp (soft) anomalous dimensions and anomalous dimensions of general local operators. This review is intended to provide a pedagogical introduction to some of these developments. We will first review some amplitudes background using four-point amplitudes as main examples. Then we generalize these techniques to form factors, including (1) tree-level form factors, (2) Sudakov form factor and infrared singularities, and (3) form factors of general operators and their anomalous dimensions. Although most examples we consider are in N=4 super-Yang-Mill theory, the on-shell methods are universal and are expected to be applicable to general gauge theories.

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Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Bootstrapping form factor squared in ${\cal N}=4$ super-Yang-Mills

    hep-th 2025-06 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A bootstrap using soft and collinear limits fixes the tree-level form factor squared in planar N=4 SYM up to N=6, unifying loop integrands from two-point master diagrams.

  2. Form factors from string amplitudes

    hep-th 2025-04 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A bosonic string disk amplitude with one closed and many open strings is proposed as a UV completion of tree-level form factors in scalar and Yang-Mills theories.

  3. Non-Hermitian Structure and Exceptional Points in Yang-Mills Theory from Analytic Continuation of Nc

    hep-th 2026-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Analytic continuation of Nc in Yang-Mills theory produces non-Hermitian operator spectra with exceptional points, PT-phase transitions, and topological monodromy.

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