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Measurement of the fluctuations in the number of muons in extensive air showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory

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arxiv 2102.07797 v2 pith:V6U2DMII submitted 2021-02-15 hep-ex

The Pierre Auger Collaboration: A. Aab , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , J.M. Albury , I. Allekotte , A. Almela , J. Alvarez-Muñiz , R. Alves Batista
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G.A. Anastasi L. Anchordoqui B. Andrada S. Andringa C. Aramo P.R. Araújo Ferreira H. Asorey P. Assis G. Avila A.M. Badescu A. Bakalova A. Balaceanu F. Barbato R.J. Barreira Luz K.H. Becker J.A. Bellido C. Berat M.E. Bertaina X. Bertou P.L. Biermann T. Bister J. Biteau J. Blazek C. Bleve M. Boháčová D. Boncioli C. Bonifazi L. Bonneau Arbeletche N. Borodai A.M. Botti J. Brack T. Bretz F.L. Briechle P. Buchholz A. Bueno S. Buitink M. Buscemi K.S. Caballero-Mora L. Caccianiga A. Cancio F. Canfora I. Caracas J.M. Carceller R. Caruso A. Castellina F. Catalani G. Cataldi L. Cazon M. Cerda J.A. Chinellato K. Choi J. Chudoba L. Chytka R.W. Clay A.C. Cobos Cerutti R. Colalillo A. Coleman M.R. Coluccia R. Conceição A. Condorelli G. Consolati F. Contreras F. Convenga C.E. Covault S. Dasso K. Daumiller B.R. Dawson J.A. Day R.M. de Almeida J. de Jesús S.J. de Jong G. De Mauro J.R.T. de Mello Neto I. De Mitri J. de Oliveira D. de Oliveira Franco V. de Souza E. De Vito J. Debatin M. del Río O. Deligny H. Dembinski N. Dhital A. Di Matteo C. Dobrigkeit J.C. D'Olivo R.C. dos Anjos M.T. Dova J. Ebr R. Engel I. Epicoco M. Erdmann C.O. Escobar A. Etchegoyen H. Falcke J. Farmer G. Farrar A.C. Fauth N. Fazzini F. Feldbusch F. Fenu B. Fick J.M. Figueira A. Filipčič T. Fodran M.M. Freire T. Fujii A. Fuster C. Galea C. Galelli B. García A.L. Garcia Vegas H. Gemmeke F. Gesualdi A. Gherghel-Lascu P.L. Ghia U. Giaccari M. Giammarchi M. Giller J. Glombitza F. Gobbi F. Gollan G. Golup M. Gómez Berisso P.F. Gómez Vitale J.P. Gongora N. González I. Goos D. Góra A. Gorgi M. Gottowik T.D. Grubb F. Guarino G.P. Guedes E. Guido S. Hahn R. Halliday M.R. Hampel P. Hansen D. Harari V.M. Harvey A. Haungs T. Hebbeker D. Heck G.C. Hill C. Hojvat J.R. Hörandel P. Horvath M. Hrabovský T. Huege J. Hulsman A. Insolia P.G. Isar J.A. Johnsen J. Jurysek A. Kääpä K.H. Kampert B. Keilhauer J. Kemp H.O. Klages M. Kleifges J. Kleinfeller M. Köpke G. Kukec Mezek B.L. Lago D. LaHurd R.G. Lang N. Langner M.A. Leigui de Oliveira V. Lenok A. Letessier-Selvon I. Lhenry-Yvon D. Lo Presti L. Lopes R. López R. Lorek Q. Luce A. Lucero J.P. Lundquist A. Machado Payeras G. Mancarella D. Mandat B.C. Manning J. Manshanden P. Mantsch S. Marafico A.G. Mariazzi I.C. Mariş G. Marsella D. Martello H. Martinez O. Martínez Bravo M. Mastrodicasa H.J. Mathes J. Matthews G. Matthiae E. Mayotte P.O. Mazur G. Medina-Tanco D. Melo A. Menshikov K.-D. Merenda S. Michal M.I. Micheletti L. Miramonti S. Mollerach F. Montanet C. Morello M. Mostafá A.L. Müller M.A. Muller K. Mulrey R. Mussa M. Muzio W.M. Namasaka L. Nellen M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu M. Niechciol D. Nitz D. Nosek V. Novotny L. Nožka A Nucita L.A. Núñez M. Palatka J. Pallotta P. Papenbreer G. Parente A. Parra M. Pech F. Pedreira J. Pękala R. Pelayo J. Peña-Rodriguez J. Perez Armand M. Perlin L. Perrone S. Petrera T. Pierog M. Pimenta V. Pirronello M. Platino B. Pont M. Pothast P. Privitera M. Prouza A. Puyleart S. Querchfeld J. Rautenberg D. Ravignani M. Reininghaus J. Ridky F. Riehn M. Risse P. Ristori V. Rizi W. Rodrigues de Carvalho J. Rodriguez Rojo M.J. Roncoroni M. Roth E. Roulet A.C. Rovero P. Ruehl S.J. Saffi A. Saftoiu F. Salamida H. Salazar G. Salina J.D. Sanabria Gomez F. Sánchez E.M. Santos E. Santos F. Sarazin R. Sarmento C. Sarmiento-Cano R. Sato P. Savina C.M. Schäfer V. Scherini H. Schieler M. Schimassek M. Schimp F. Schlüter D. Schmidt O. Scholten P. Schovánek F.G. Schröder S. Schröder J. Schulte S.J. Sciutto M. Scornavacche R.C. Shellard G. Sigl G. Silli O. Sima R. Šmída P. Sommers J.F. Soriano J. Souchard R. Squartini M. Stadelmaier D. Stanca S. Stanič J. Stasielak P. Stassi A. Streich M. Suárez-Durán T. Sudholz T. Suomijärvi A.D. Supanitsky J. Šupík Z. Szadkowski A. Taboada A. Tapia C. Timmermans O. Tkachenko P. Tobiska C.J. Todero Peixoto B. Tomé G. Torralba Elipe A. Travaini P. Travnicek C. Trimarelli M. Trini M. Tueros R. Ulrich M. Unger L. Vaclavek M. Vacula J.F. Valdés Galicia I. Valiño L. Valore E. Varela V. Varma K.C. A. Vásquez-Ramírez D. Veberič C. Ventura I.D. Vergara Quispe V. Verzi J. Vicha J. Vink S. Vorobiov H. Wahlberg A.A. Watson M. Weber A. Weindl L. Wiencke H. Wilczyński T. Winchen M. Wirtz D. Wittkowski B. Wundheiler A. Yushkov O. Zapparrata E. Zas D. Zavrtanik M. Zavrtanik L. Zehrer A. Zepeda
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keywords fluctuationsmeasurementmuonsshowersdeficitextensivehadronicmodels
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We present the first measurement of the fluctuations in the number of muons in extensive air showers produced by ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We find that the measured fluctuations are in good agreement with predictions from air shower simulations. This observation provides new insights into the origin of the previously reported deficit of muons in air shower simulations and constrains models of hadronic interactions at ultrahigh energies. Our measurement is compatible with the muon deficit originating from small deviations in the predictions from hadronic interaction models of particle production that accumulate as the showers develop.

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Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Proton-air interaction properties at $\sqrt{s} \simeq 100$ TeV from shower-depth measurements with the Pierre Auger Observatory and their connection to the Muon Puzzle

    hep-ex 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Using a universal relation found across hadronic interaction models, Auger's deeper-than-predicted shower maxima imply increased elasticity and hadronic energy fraction in proton–air collisions, needing 2.8–4.6× ampli...

  2. Bounds on Lorentz invariance violation from muon fluctuations at the Pierre Auger Observatory

    astro-ph.HE 2026-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Muon-count fluctuations in Auger air showers exclude first-order Lorentz invariance violation in the hadronic sector down to η ≈ −1.3×10⁻⁶ at the highest confidence level reported.

  3. Innovative Approaches to Unravel the Shower Components' Energy Spectrum with a Single Hybrid Station

    hep-ex 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A single hybrid station's multi-detector correlations and a transformer-based muon-direction reconstruction could give access to electromagnetic and muonic shower energy spectra, shown here only in simulation.

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