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Energy-momentum tensor in QCD: nucleon mass decomposition and mechanical equilibrium

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arxiv 2109.11785 v1 pith:P5YYMNFL submitted 2021-09-24 hep-ph nucl-th

classification hep-phnucl-th
keywords massnucleondecompositionquantumanomalouscontributionenergyenergy-momentum
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We review and examine in detail recent developments regarding the question of the nucleon mass decomposition. We discuss in particular the virial theorem in quantum field theory and its implications for the nucleon mass decomposition and mechanical equilibrium. We reconsider the renormalization of the QCD energy-momentum tensor in minimal-subtraction-type schemes and the physical interpretation of its components, as well as the role played by the trace anomaly and Poincar\'e symmetry. We also study the concept of "quantum anomalous energy" proposed in some works as a new contribution to the nucleon mass. Examining the various arguments, we conclude that the quantum anomalous energy is not a genuine contribution to the mass sum rule, as a consequence of translation symmetry.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Quantum stress and torsion distributions in the deuteron

    nucl-th 2026-02 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    First complete non-relativistic impulse-approximation calculation of all eleven deuteron EMT form factors, including non-conserved c-bar and s-bar form factors that map to force and torsion distributions inside the nucleons.

  2. Transverse energy-momentum tensor distributions in polarized nucleons

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Transverse EMT distributions in polarized nucleons are derived in the quantum phase-space formalism; they reduce to standard light-front densities (including bad components) in the infinite-momentum frame.

  3. Gravitational form factors of the nucleon in the Skyrme model based on scale-invariant chiral perturbation theory

    hep-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A Skyrme model with a dilaton field attributes the proton's negative internal pressure and confining force to the gluonic scale anomaly, and reproduces the lattice QCD D(t) form factor.

  4. Misconceptions About the Physics of the QCD Trace Anomaly from Renormalization in a Reducible Basis

    hep-ph 2026-08 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    This paper critiques reducible-basis renormalization of the QCD trace anomaly, arguing it introduces unphysical scheme dependence and that the standard whole-anomaly decomposition is the only symmetry-allowed choice.

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