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Self-Training: A Survey

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arxiv 2202.12040 v6 pith:ZN6TT2UX submitted 2022-02-24 cs.LG

classification cs.LG
keywords self-trainingclassifierlabeledmethodstrainingalgorithmsapproachesclassification
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Semi-supervised algorithms aim to learn prediction functions from a small set of labeled observations and a large set of unlabeled observations. Because this framework is relevant in many applications, they have received a lot of interest in both academia and industry. Among the existing techniques, self-training methods have undoubtedly attracted greater attention in recent years. These models are designed to find the decision boundary on low density regions without making additional assumptions about the data distribution, and use the unsigned output score of a learned classifier, or its margin, as an indicator of confidence. The working principle of self-training algorithms is to learn a classifier iteratively by assigning pseudo-labels to the set of unlabeled training samples with a margin greater than a certain threshold. The pseudo-labeled examples are then used to enrich the labeled training data and to train a new classifier in conjunction with the labeled training set. In this paper, we present self-training methods for binary and multi-class classification; as well as their variants and two related approaches, namely consistency-based approaches and transductive learning. We examine the impact of significant self-training features on various methods, using different general and image classification benchmarks, and we discuss our ideas for future research in self-training. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first thorough and complete survey on this subject.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Embarrassingly Simple Self-Distillation Improves Code Generation

    cs.CL 2026-04 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Simple self-distillation—fine-tuning a code model on its own temperature-sampled, truncated outputs—raises LiveCodeBench pass@1 substantially without verifiers, teachers, or RL.

  2. Improving Data and Parameter Efficiency of Neural Language Models Using Representation Analysis

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Representation smoothness can be used to regularize training, stop early without validation labels, and guide active learning combined with parameter-efficient fine-tuning, reducing data and compute.

  3. Self-Boost via Optimal Retraining: An Analysis via Approximate Message Passing

    cs.LG 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    For binary classification with noisy labels, the paper derives the Bayes-optimal function for combining a model's current predictions with the given labels during retraining, and shows a fitted version improves linear...

  4. ADAPT: A Pseudo-labeling Approach to Combat Concept Drift in Malware Detection

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A pseudo-labeling method with class-specific adaptive thresholds, label-consistent augmentation, and mixup reduces concept-drift performance loss in malware classifiers across five datasets.

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