Modified gravity: a unified approach to metric-affine models

The starting point of this work is the original Einstein action, sometimes called the Gamma squared action. Continuing from our previous results, we study various modified theories of gravity following the Palatini approach. The metric and the connection will be treated as independent variables leading to generalised theories which may contain torsion or non-metricity or both. Due to our particular approach involving the Einstein action, our setup allows us to formulate a substantial number of new theories not previously studied. Our results can be linked back to well-known models like Einstein-Cartan theory and metric-affine theories and also links to many recently studied modified gravity models. In particular we propose an Einstein-Cartan type modified theory of gravity which contains propagating torsion provided our function depends non-linearly on a boundary term. We also can state precise conditions for the existence of propagating torsion. Our work concludes with a brief discussion of cosmology and the role of cosmological torsion in our model. We find solutions with early-time inflation and late-time matter dominated behaviour. No matter sources are required to drive inflation and it becomes a purely geometrical effect.