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Why Do We Need Weight Decay in Modern Deep Learning?

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arxiv 2310.04415 v2 pith:7L7PLV7V submitted 2023-10-06 cs.LG

classification cs.LG
keywords decayweightdeeptraininglearningclassicaldynamicslanguage
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Weight decay is a broadly used technique for training state-of-the-art deep networks from image classification to large language models. Despite its widespread usage and being extensively studied in the classical literature, its role remains poorly understood for deep learning. In this work, we highlight that the role of weight decay in modern deep learning is different from its regularization effect studied in classical learning theory. For deep networks on vision tasks trained with multipass SGD, we show how weight decay modifies the optimization dynamics enhancing the ever-present implicit regularization of SGD via the loss stabilization mechanism. In contrast, for large language models trained with nearly one-epoch training, we describe how weight decay balances the bias-variance tradeoff in stochastic optimization leading to lower training loss and improved training stability. Overall, we present a unifying perspective from ResNets on vision tasks to LLMs: weight decay is never useful as an explicit regularizer but instead changes the training dynamics in a desirable way. The code is available at https://github.com/tml-epfl/why-weight-decay

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. The Butterfly Effect: Neural Network Training Trajectories Are Highly Sensitive to Initial Conditions

    cs.LG 2025-06 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A single-weight perturbation at the very start of training makes otherwise identical neural networks diverge to different loss basins, and this sensitivity drops sharply within the first fraction of training.

  2. Improving Neural Network Training by Decoupling the Magnitude and Direction of Weight Vectors

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Splitting weight matrices into a fixed-norm direction and learnable per-row/column magnitudes improves LLM training over AdamW/Muon, removes weight decay and warmup, and transfers the optimal LR across width.

  3. Scale Weight Decay and Train Better

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Muon with weight decay scaled by η/η_max reaches the same MoE validation loss ~30% faster than constant-decay Muon while preserving asymptotic stationarity of the unregularized objective.

  4. Recovering Plasticity of Neural Networks via Soft Weight Rescaling

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Soft Weight Rescaling shrinks each layer's weights toward their initialization at every step, bounding weight norms and improving plasticity and test accuracy in continual, warm-start, and single-task learning.

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