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Attacking Large Language Models with Projected Gradient Descent

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arxiv 2402.09154 v2 pith:6FMPDCBX submitted 2024-02-14 cs.LG

classification cs.LG
keywords adversarialattacksdescentdiscretegradientoptimizationprojectedprompts
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Current LLM alignment methods are readily broken through specifically crafted adversarial prompts. While crafting adversarial prompts using discrete optimization is highly effective, such attacks typically use more than 100,000 LLM calls. This high computational cost makes them unsuitable for, e.g., quantitative analyses and adversarial training. To remedy this, we revisit Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) on the continuously relaxed input prompt. Although previous attempts with ordinary gradient-based attacks largely failed, we show that carefully controlling the error introduced by the continuous relaxation tremendously boosts their efficacy. Our PGD for LLMs is up to one order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art discrete optimization to achieve the same devastating attack results.

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Forward citations

Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. On Surjectivity of Neural Networks: Can you elicit any behavior from your model?

    cs.LG 2025-08 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Pre-LayerNorm transformers and linear attention are almost always surjective, so any target output has an input that produces it in the continuous embedding space.

  2. SoK: Systematizing LLM Prompt Security: Taxonomies, Datasets, and Unified Evaluation of Attacks and Defenses

    cs.CR 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systemization of LLM jailbreak security that adds linked taxonomies, an evaluation platform, and JailbreakDB, while its main attack–defense comparison results remain deferred.

  3. FORTRESS: Frontier Risk Evaluation for National Security and Public Safety

    cs.CY 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A new benchmark with instance-specific rubrics measures frontier LLMs' willingness to assist with national security and public safety threats, alongside a paired over-refusal test.

  4. SecurityLingua: Efficient Defense of LLM Jailbreak Attacks via Security-Aware Prompt Compression

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A security-aware prompt compressor that reveals the hidden intent of jailbreak prompts and injects it into the system prompt reduces average attack success from 35% to 1% with negligible overhead.

  5. Position: It's Time to Optimize LLMs for Self-Consistency

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    The paper proposes self-consistency, a mathematical framework that treats relationships between model outputs across related inputs as the primary training target, unifying many existing alignment and robustness methods.

  6. Layer-Wise Perturbations via Sparse Autoencoders for Adversarial Text Generation

    cs.CL 2025-08 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    Sparse autoencoder activation perturbation (SFPF) applied on top of existing jailbreak prompts raises attack success rate on Qwen3-32B, but with no defense evaluation and weak reproducibility.

  7. Stateful Cooperative Agents Safeguarding LLMs Against Evolving Multi-Turn Attacks

    cs.CR 2026-07 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    CoopGuard's defer-tempt-analyze-coordinate agents cut reported jailbreak success and raise attacker token costs on the new EMRA benchmark, but the deceptive-rate metric is partly defined by the paper's own scoring rubric.

  8. SoK: A Comprehensive Security Analysis of Jailbreak Resilience in GPT and DeepSeek Models

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Across 510 HarmBench behaviors and seven attack methods, GPT-4 models show more consistent jailbreak resilience than DeepSeek models, whose vulnerability grows with scale.

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