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On the non-perturbative bulk Hilbert space of JT gravity

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arxiv 2403.08696 v3 pith:7ZOMQU7H submitted 2024-03-13 hep-th gr-qc

classification hep-thgr-qc
keywords operatorsbulkgravityhilbertnon-perturbativespacecapturesexperience
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

What is the bulk Hilbert space of quantum gravity? In this paper, we resolve this problem in 2d JT gravity, both with and without matter, providing an explicit definition of a non-perturbative Hilbert space specified in terms of metric variables. The states are wavefunctions of the length and matter state, but with a non-trivial and highly degenerate inner product. We explicitly identify the null states, and discuss their importance for defining operators non-perturbatively. To highlight the power of the formalism we developed, we study the non-perturbative effects for two bulk linear operators that may serve as proxies for the experience of an observer falling into a two-sided black hole: one captures the length of an Einstein-Rosen bridge and the other captures the center-of-mass collision energy between two particles falling from opposite sides. We track the behavior of these operators up to times of order $e^{S_\text{BH}}$, at which point the wavefunction spreads to the complete set of eigenstates of these operators. If these observables are indeed good proxies for the experience of an infalling observer, our results indicate an O(1) probability of detecting a firewall at late times that is self-averaging and universal.

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Cited by 11 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. JT gravity on the worldline

    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Coupling a worldline observer to JT gravity replaces its evolution operator by an exactly computed average over fluctuating Euclidean times; the fluctuations are small in the disk but large on the double trumpet.

  2. Evaporating Black Hole Interior and Complexity Evolution

    hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    In JT gravity with an end-of-the-world brane, the renormalized interior length — read as subsystem complexity — grows linearly, peaks around the Page time, and then decays exponentially, with growing relative fluctuat...

  3. Hollow-grams: Generalized Entanglement Wedges from the Gravitational Path Integral

    hep-th 2025-06 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    The entropy of a bulk region in holographic states equals the generalized entropy of the smallest wedge containing it, derived from a replica path integral via a hollow-graphic construction.

  4. York time in JT gravity

    hep-th 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    In JT gravity, the Hartle-Hawking wavefunction satisfies a Schrodinger equation in York time with a Hermitian squeezing Hamiltonian, and York time evolution is a unitary change of the length basis rather than physical...

  5. Falling through the horizon of a quantum black hole

    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.5 of 10

    Gravitational dressing in JT gravity lets an infalling Unruh-DeWitt detector detect the horizon location and temperature locally, violating the equivalence principle without a firewall.

  6. A Holographic Map from AdS$_3$ to CFT$_2$

    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Semiclassical pure AdS3 gravity states, labelled by fixed-area geodesic networks, are mapped to CFT2 primary states whose wavefunctions are networks of OPE coefficients.

  7. Non-perturbative saturation of Krylov complexity, and its implications in quantum gravity

    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Full-spectrum Krylov complexity provably saturates at ~e^{S(E)} log(1/λ) in every low-energy state — near the energy-dependent Heisenberg time, not the maximal e^{S_max} — because discrete-spectrum orthogonal polynomi...

  8. Resolving Black Hole Singularities in Jackiw-Teitelboim Gravity

    hep-th 2026-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    In JT gravity, the left confining potential required by spectral discreteness makes the wormhole length turn around and plateau, allowing boundary time to run past the would-be singularity and eliminating future horizons.

  9. Composite AdS geodesics for CFT correlators and timelike entanglement entropy

    hep-th 2025-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A bulk extremization prescription produces composite timelike-spacelike geodesics whose complex length exactly matches CFT two-point functions at timelike separation, including behind the BTZ horizon.

  10. Holography of K-complexity: Switchbacks and Shockwaves

    hep-th 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Operator Krylov complexity in triple-scaled DSSYK matches JT-gravity geodesic lengths with shockwaves and exhibits the switchback effect when the Lanczos algorithm is perturbed by two-sided operator insertions.

  11. An apologia for islands

    hep-th 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Entanglement islands and Page curves can arise in massless gravity without an external bath, and compactly supported gauge-invariant operators exist in islands around generic symmetry-breaking black hole backgrounds.

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