Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 6 minor 71 references

Hunting axion dark matter with anti-ferromagnets: a case study with nickel oxide

T0 review · 3 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-12 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Nickel oxide's two magnon modes can absorb axion dark matter with masses around the milli-electronvolt scale, and tuning an external magnetic field toward the spin-flop transition extends this down to fractions of an meV.

desk verdict A credible EFT-based case that NiO can absorb meV axions in one- and two-magnon channels, but the projected reach leans on an unmeasured magnon width and an unspecified readout. read the letter →

arxiv 2411.11971 v2 pith:XOBQDL7I submitted 2024-11-18 hep-ph astro-ph.CO

Pier Giuseppe Catinari , Angelo Esposito , Shashin Pavaskar This is my paper · ORCID
classification hep-phastro-ph.CO
keywords axiondarkmattermagnonsantiferromagnetnickeloxideeffectivefieldtheorydirectdetectionQCDmagnonabsorption
topics Dark Matter
open problems Dark Matter
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper aims to show that a well-studied antiferromagnet, nickel oxide (NiO), can serve as a target for detecting axion dark matter with masses around the milli-electronvolt scale and electron couplings of QCD-axion size, a part of parameter space current experiments have not yet covered. Because NiO's magnetic order breaks spin rotation symmetry, its collective excitations (magnons) are pseudo-Goldstone bosons with two low-lying gapped modes at about meV energies. The authors build a symmetry-only effective field theory for these magnons, couple it to the axion through the electron spin density, and compute absorption rates. One-magnon conversion gives two resonant, narrowband lines whose frequencies move as the magnetic field is tuned toward the spin-flop transition; two-magnon conversion gives a broadband channel. The projected reach, under an idealized background-free readout, enters the unexplored meV region down to QCD axion couplings.

What carries the argument

The central object is the low-energy effective field theory of magnons in NiO, in which magnons are the pseudo-Goldstone bosons of the spontaneous symmetry breaking $\text{SO}(3) \to \text{SO}(2)$ of spin rotations by the antiferromagnetic N\'eel order. The Lagrangian is fixed by symmetry and contains two anisotropy terms that give the magnons their small gaps; matching its coefficients to neutron scattering data sets the magnon velocity, gyromagnetic ratio, and gap parameters. The axion enters through the non-relativistic axion-electron coupling, which sources the spin density, the same Noether current that creates magnons. This yields specific amplitudes for one- and two-magnon absorption, and the one-magnon rate's dependence on the Earth velocity direction produces the directional signal.

What would settle it

Measure the antiferromagnetic resonance linewidth of a NiO single crystal at temperatures near or below 1 K and at magnetic fields from 0 up to the spin-flop transition, and check whether the lower magnon gap closes as the field approaches about 4.6 T; if the linewidth is broad ($\gamma_\alpha/\omega > 10^{-3}$) or the gap does not close as predicted, the one-magnon reach at QCD-axion couplings does not materialize.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that NiO can absorb axion dark matter into one or two magnons, and that these channels are sensitive to axion masses in the range $m_a \sim \mathcal{O}(0.1-10)\,\text{meV}$ with couplings down to the QCD axion band. Single-magnon absorption occurs at the two magnon gap frequencies; varying an external magnetic field along the easy axis moves the lower gap downward, and near the spin-flop transition at roughly 4.6 T that gap becomes very small, so the search can scan axion masses down to fractions of an meV. Two-magnon absorption is broadband because the axion mass is carried by the total energy of two back-to-back magnons, requiring no tuning of the sample. The one-magnon signal is strongly directional, with a rate that depends on the Earth velocity relative to the order parameter and modulates by about 300% over the year. The paper reports projected 95% confidence-level reaches for a kilogram of NiO and one year of exposure, assuming no background.

Load-bearing premise

The projected reach depends on assuming a magnon linewidth for NiO that has never been measured, and on assuming that the magnon signal can be read out with no background; if either assumption fails, the projected sensitivity changes by orders of magnitude.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • One-magnon absorption gives two resonant frequencies near the meV scale, tunable by an external field, so a single NiO sample can scan axion masses from about 10 meV down to fractions of an meV as the field approaches the spin-flop transition.
  • Two-magnon absorption is broadband: a fixed sample absorbs axions over a continuous mass range by adjusting the energy and relative momentum of the two outgoing magnons, with no external retuning.
  • The one-magnon rate has a strong directional modulation tied to the Earth velocity, which could be used to separate a true axion signal from isotropic backgrounds.
  • If the magnon linewidth is narrow ($\gamma_\alpha/\omega \sim 10^{-5}$), the projected reach extends into the QCD axion band in a mass window not yet covered by dedicated axion experiments.
  • A kilogram-year exposure with background-free readout could probe axion-electron couplings down to QCD-axion values in the 0.1-10 meV window.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A testable extension is to measure the NiO magnon linewidth at millikelvin temperatures and at fields from 0 to near 4.6 T; the projected reach spans orders of magnitude between the two assumed widths, so this single measurement would decide how competitive the one-magnon channel really is.
  • The same symmetry-based EFT should transfer to other easy-axis antiferromagnets, so a material with a narrower measured linewidth or a larger spin stiffness could inherit the same absorption formulas with better sensitivity than NiO.
  • If the directional modulation survives in realistic multi-domain samples, NiO could act as a self-calibrating axion detector using the annual phase of the Earth velocity; if domains wash out the modulation, crystallographic or strain alignment would be needed.
  • The broadband two-magnon mechanism suggests a general strategy: any antiferromagnet with a small staggered magnetization and two light magnon modes is a broadband axion absorber, so the search for optimal targets need not stop at NiO.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 6 minor

Summary. The authors construct a non-relativistic effective field theory for magnons in NiO, couple the axion's electron coupling to the spin density, and compute the rates for one-magnon and two-magnon axion absorption. The one-magnon channel provides two tunable resonant lines whose frequency can be lowered by applying a magnetic field toward the spin-flop transition, while the two-magnon channel offers a broadband response. Using a standard halo model and assuming an ideal background-free readout with three events per kilogram-year, the paper projects 95% CL sensitivity in the axion-electron coupling versus axion mass plane, with the optimistic magnon linewidth γ/ω = 10^-5 reaching the QCD axion band near meV masses. The paper also highlights a strong directional modulation of the one-magnon event rate and discusses open issues such as multi-domain effects, the magnon linewidth, and the absence of a concrete readout scheme.

Significance. If the sensitivity projections are realized, this work identifies a new, well-studied material that could serve as a multipurpose target for light dark matter searches, complementing the existing dark-matter scattering proposal for NiO. The main strengths of the paper are its symmetry-based EFT treatment, with all low-energy coefficients matched to neutron scattering and thermodynamic data, and its unusually transparent disclosure of the key assumptions: the magnon linewidth is unmeasured for NiO, the readout is left unspecified, and background-free operation is assumed. These features make the calculation easy to audit, and the authors explicitly flag which parts of the reach are optimistic. The central claim, however, is not a firm experimental prediction but a sensitivity projection whose headline reach to QCD axion couplings depends on an unverified linewidth value and on idealized experimental conditions.

major comments (3)
  1. [§III.A, Eq. (10), Fig. 2] The one-magnon reach in Fig. 2 is regulated by the Breit-Wigner width γα in Eq. (10), and on resonance the rate scales as 1/γα, so the difference between γα/ω = 10^-3 and 10^-5 changes the event rate by two orders of magnitude. The paper treats γα/ω as a free parameter and admits that 10^-5 is 'rather optimistic', but references [61,62] report γα = O(1–100) μeV for antiferromagnetic magnons, which for the light NiO mode at ~0.6 meV corresponds to γα/ω between ~2×10^-3 and 0.17. The value 10^-5 is therefore well outside the measured range for any antiferromagnet, and the strong magnon-phonon coupling in NiO [71] may push the width toward the upper end. Since the abstract's claim of reaching QCD axion couplings is supported by the 10^-5 curve, the central quantitative claim needs either a measurement of γα in NiO or a reach statement that uses the measured range.
  2. [§IV, Fig. 2] The projected reach is computed 'assuming no background' (Fig. 2 caption), and the Outlook explicitly states that a concrete readout scheme for the magnon emission is left for future work. The statement that NiO 'can be employed' to hunt axion dark matter is therefore a sensitivity projection under idealized conditions rather than a demonstrated experimental strategy. The abstract and introduction should qualify the reach as idealized, or the paper should motivate a plausible readout route (for example, via magnon-phonon coupling or magnetic detection) so that the background-free assumption is not presented as incidental.
  3. [§II.A, §IV] The field-scanning proposal reaches axion masses down to fractions of an meV by approaching the spin-flop transition at µ0H ≃ 4.62 T, yet the EFT excludes effects that become relevant when the magnon becomes very light, as the Outlook acknowledges. The dispersion relation in Eq. (4) and the rate in Eq. (10) are used at fields up to 4.5 T, where the light-mode gap becomes small. The robustness of the low-mass reach is therefore not established; the paper should either estimate the size of near-critical corrections or restrict the low-mass claims to a field range where the EFT is controlled.
minor comments (6)
  1. [References] Reference [62] contains a formatting artifact in its title ('¡? format?¿'); this should be corrected.
  2. [Fig. 2 caption] The caption should explicitly identify which line styles or colors correspond to γα/ω = 10^-3 versus 10^-5, and which correspond to the one-magnon versus two-magnon channels; the current text only describes the 'red shaded regions' for the field scan.
  3. [§III.A] The sentence 'This width is roughly γα = O(1–100) μeV [61,62]' could be misread as applying to NiO; clarify that [61,62] report measurements in other antiferromagnets, since the paper says the width is not available for NiO.
  4. [Eq. (5)] The non-relativistic and in-medium reduction steps labeled 'n.r.' and 'IR' are typeset with arrows that are difficult to read; consider presenting this derivation in a cleaner format.
  5. [§II.A] The definition of the Néel vector contains a summation symbol that appears garbled in the text; ensure it is typeset as a sum over lattice sites.
  6. [§III.A] The phrase 'we follow the conservative approach of [33]' is misleading because setting γα/ω = 10^-5 is optimistic rather than conservative; recommend rewording to 'we follow the approach of [33] and scan over possible values'.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the axion reach is computed from a symmetry-based EFT whose parameters are matched to external neutron-scattering and spectroscopic data, and the self-citations supply inputs rather than the predicted result.

full rationale

The derivation chain is self-contained in the relevant sense. The magnon EFT (Lagrangian Eq. (3), dispersion Eq. (4), and overlap functions Eq. (8)) is taken from the authors' companion paper [51], but that is a normal scientific dependency, not a circular one: the EFT is fixed by the SO(3)->SO(2) symmetry-breaking pattern of the antiferromagnet and by measured quantities (v_theta, c1, lambda_x, lambda_z, mu), all listed in Table I and matched to neutron-scattering and spectroscopic data, not to any axion observable. The new physics content—the axion-magnon amplitudes Eq. (7), the one-magnon rate Eq. (10), the two-magnon rate, and the projected reach in Fig. 2—is obtained by standard quantum-field-theory calculation from the axion-electron coupling g_aee, the Noether spin density Eq. (6), and the stated dark matter halo parameters. No equation in the paper is defined in terms of the quantity it is used to predict; the resonance condition m_a = omega_0,alpha is a physical matching condition, and the magnon width gamma_alpha is treated explicitly as an external free parameter (Eq. (10)), not as a fitted output masquerading as a prediction. The self-citations ([39], [51]) are to earlier work by the same group that develops the EFT and the NiO target concept, but the axion reach is not used to justify those citations, and the cited results are anchored to external data and to the standard low-energy Goldstone-boson formalism. The paper also explicitly flags its limitations—the unmeasured NiO magnon width, the assumption of background-free readout, and the ideal absence-of-background projection—as future work rather than presenting them as derived predictions. Accordingly, no circular step satisfying the required evidence standard is present.

Assumptions & free parameters 6 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim inherits five material parameters matched to experiment in the authors' prior EFT paper [51], plus a linewidth that is not measured and is scanned over two orders of magnitude. These are honest inputs, but they are not independently re-derived here. No new particles or forces are introduced.

free parameters (6)
  • v_theta (magnon velocity) = 1.3e-4
    Taken from Table I, matched to neutron scattering dispersion in [51]; input to all rates.
  • c1 (stiffness coefficient) = 0.58 MeV/Angstrom
    Matched to microscopic spin Hamiltonian using neutron scattering data in [51]; enters the axion-magnon coupling.
  • mu (gyromagnetic ratio) = 2.18 mu_B
    Material parameter from [51]; controls the magnetic-field dependence of magnon gaps.
  • lambda_x (hard-axis anisotropy) = 9.80 meV^2
    Anisotropy coefficient from [51]; sets part of the magnon gap.
  • lambda_z (easy-axis anisotropy) = 0.17 meV^2
    Anisotropy coefficient from [51]; sets part of the magnon gap and the spin-flop critical field.
  • gamma/omega (relative magnon linewidth) = 10^-3 and 10^-5 in projections
    Unknown for NiO; treated as a free parameter following [33]; determines one-magnon reach.
assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption NiO magnons are pseudo-Goldstone bosons of SO(3) to SO(2) breaking, with Lagrangian (3) complete at low energies.
    Adopted from [51]; the microscopic origin of the gaps is not fully understood (Sec. II A), though the spectrum is reproduced.
  • domain assumption The axion-electron coupling reduces to a gradient of spin density, Eq. (5), neglecting velocity-suppressed terms.
    Standard nonrelativistic reduction; the neglected term is argued subleading for most materials (Sec. II B).
  • domain assumption Dark matter is a non-relativistic halo described by a truncated Maxwellian with v0=230 km/s, vesc=600 km/s, ve=240 km/s, and rho_a=0.4 GeV/cm3.
    Standard halo model; used in Eq. (9) to convert rates.
  • domain assumption Zero temperature and no external strain; additional light excitations and domain structure do not affect leading rates.
    Assumed in Sec. II; authors note domain structure may reduce directional modulation and extra modes are not included (Sec. IV).

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Hunting axion dark matter with anti-ferromagnets: a case study with nickel oxide." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/XOBQDL7I

@misc{pith2026241111971,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Hunting axion dark matter with anti-ferromagnets: a case study with nickel oxide},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/XOBQDL7I}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2411.11971}
}
read the original abstract

We show that nickel oxide, which is already a very promising target to look for sub-MeV dark matter scattering, can be employed to hunt axion dark matter, with masses in the meV range and couplings to electrons allowing them to potentially be QCD axions. We describe the interactions between axions and the collective excitations of nickel oxide in terms of a universal effective field theory, built solely out of symmetry arguments. The processes of conversion into one or two excitations provide, respectively, a narrowband and a broadband channel for the axion search, and the possibility of varying an external magnetic field up to a phase transition point allows to cover a large portion of a yet unexplored parameter space, reaching axion masses down to few fractions of an meV. Our results underline nickel oxide as an ideal candidate for a multi-purpose target for light dark matter searches.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2411.11971 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. One-magnon event rate as a function of the direction [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. Projected reach at 95% CL for a kilogram of mate [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

71 extracted references · 18 canonical work pages

  1. [71]

    H.-H. Kim, K. Ueda, S. Nakata, P. Wochner, A. Macken- zie, C. Hicks, G. Khaliullin, H. Liu, B. Keimer, and M. Minola, Giant stress response of terahertz magnons in 8 a spin-orbit mott insulator, Nature Communications 13, 6674 (2022)

    work page 2022

  2. [1]

    D. S. Akerib et al. (LUX), Results from a search for dark matter in the complete LUX exposure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 021303 (2017), arXiv:1608.07648 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2017

  3. [2]

    Agnese et al

    R. Agnese et al. (SuperCDMS), First Dark Matter Con- straints from a SuperCDMS Single-Charge Sensitive De- tector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 051301 (2018), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.Lett. 122, 069901 (2019)], arXiv:1804.10697 [hep-ex]

    arXiv 2018

  4. [3]

    Aprile et al

    E. Aprile et al. (XENON), Light Dark Matter Search with Ionization Signals in XENON1T, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 251801 (2019), arXiv:1907.11485 [hep-ex]

    arXiv 2019

  5. [4]

    A. H. Abdelhameed et al. (CRESST), First results from the CRESST-III low-mass dark matter program, Phys. Rev. D 100, 102002 (2019), arXiv:1904.00498 [astro- ph.CO]

    arXiv 2019

  6. [5]

    Wang et al

    Q. Wang et al. (PandaX-II), Results of dark matter search using the full PandaX-II exposure, Chin. Phys. C 44, 125001 (2020), arXiv:2007.15469 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2020

  7. [6]

    Barbieri, C

    R. Barbieri, C. Braggio, G. Carugno, C. S. Gallo, A. Lom- bardi, A. Ortolan, R. Pengo, G. Ruoso, and C. C. Speake, Searching for galactic axions through magnetized media: the QUAX proposal, Phys. Dark Univ. 15, 135 (2017), arXiv:1606.02201 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2017

  8. [7]

    Crescini et al

    N. Crescini et al. (QUAX), Axion search with a quantum- limited ferromagnetic haloscope, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 171801 (2020), arXiv:2001.08940 [hep-ex]

    arXiv 2020

Show all 71 references
  1. [8]

    C. P. Salemi et al. , Search for Low-Mass Axion Dark Matter with ABRACADABRA-10 cm, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 081801 (2021), arXiv:2102.06722 [hep-ex]

    2021 arXiv

  2. [9]

    Bartram et al

    C. Bartram et al. (ADMX), Search for Invisible Axion Dark Matter in the 3.3–4.2 µeV Mass Range, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 261803 (2021), arXiv:2110.06096 [hep-ex]

    2021 arXiv

  3. [10]

    Goodman et al

    C. Goodman et al. (ADMX), ADMX Axion Dark Mat- ter Bounds around 3.3 µeV with Dine-Fischler-Srednicki- Zhitnitsky Discovery Ability, Phys. Rev. Lett.134, 111002 (2025), arXiv:2408.15227 [hep-ex]

    2025 arXiv

  4. [11]

    Rettaroli et al

    A. Rettaroli et al. (QUAX), Search for axion dark matter with the QUAX–LNF tunable haloscope, Phys. Rev. D 110, 022008 (2024), arXiv:2402.19063 [physics.ins-det]

    2024 arXiv

  5. [12]

    Altenm¨ ulleret al

    K. Altenm¨ ulleret al. (CAST), New Upper Limit on the Axion-Photon Coupling with an Extended CAST Run with a Xe-Based Micromegas Detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 221005 (2024), arXiv:2406.16840 [hep-ex]

    2024 arXiv

  6. [13]

    H. Yan, G. A. Sun, S. M. Peng, H. Guo, B. Q. Liu, M. Peng, and H. Zheng, Constraining exotic spin depen- dent interactions of muons and electrons, Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 971 (2019)

    2019

  7. [14]

    Aprile et al

    E. Aprile et al. (XENON), Search for New Physics in Electronic Recoil Data from XENONnT, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 161805 (2022), arXiv:2207.11330 [hep-ex]

    2022 arXiv

  8. [15]

    Capozzi and G

    F. Capozzi and G. Raffelt, Axion and neutrino bounds improved with new calibrations of the tip of the red- giant branch using geometric distance determinations, Phys. Rev. D 102, 083007 (2020), arXiv:2007.03694 [astro- ph.SR]

    2020 arXiv

  9. [16]

    O’Hare, cajohare/axionlimits: Axionlimits, https:// cajohare.github.io/AxionLimits/ (2020)

    C. O’Hare, cajohare/axionlimits: Axionlimits, https:// cajohare.github.io/AxionLimits/ (2020)

    2020

  10. [17]

    Guo and D

    W. Guo and D. N. McKinsey, Concept for a dark matter detector using liquid helium-4, Phys. Rev. D 87, 115001 (2013), arXiv:1302.0534 [astro-ph.IM]

    2013 arXiv

  11. [18]

    Hochberg, T

    Y. Hochberg, T. Lin, and K. M. Zurek, Detecting Ultra- light Bosonic Dark Matter via Absorption in Superconduc- tors, Phys. Rev. D 94, 015019 (2016), arXiv:1604.06800 [hep-ph]

    2016 arXiv

  12. [19]

    Schutz and K

    K. Schutz and K. M. Zurek, Detectability of Light Dark Matter with Superfluid Helium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 121302 (2016), arXiv:1604.08206 [hep-ph]

    2016 arXiv

  13. [20]

    Knapen, T

    S. Knapen, T. Lin, and K. M. Zurek, Light Dark Matter in Superfluid Helium: Detection with Multi- excitation Production, Phys. Rev. D 95, 056019 (2017), arXiv:1611.06228 [hep-ph]

    2017 arXiv

  14. [21]

    Hochberg, T

    Y. Hochberg, T. Lin, and K. M. Zurek, Absorption of light dark matter in semiconductors, Phys. Rev. D 95, 023013 (2017), arXiv:1608.01994 [hep-ph]

    2017 arXiv

  15. [22]

    Knapen, T

    S. Knapen, T. Lin, M. Pyle, and K. M. Zurek, Detection of Light Dark Matter With Optical Phonons in Polar Ma- terials, Phys. Lett. B 785, 386 (2018), arXiv:1712.06598 [hep-ph]

    2018 arXiv

  16. [23]

    S. A. Hertel, A. Biekert, J. Lin, V. Velan, and D. N. McKinsey, Direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter using a superfluid 4He target, Phys. Rev. D 100, 092007 (2019), arXiv:1810.06283 [physics.ins-det]

    2019 arXiv

  17. [24]

    Griffin, S

    S. Griffin, S. Knapen, T. Lin, and K. M. Zurek, Directional Detection of Light Dark Matter with Polar Materials, Phys. Rev. D 98, 115034 (2018), arXiv:1807.10291 [hep- ph]

    2018 arXiv

  18. [25]

    D. J. E. Marsh, K.-C. Fong, E. W. Lentz, L. Smejkal, and M. N. Ali, Proposal to Detect Dark Matter using Axionic Topological Antiferromagnets, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 121601 (2019), arXiv:1807.08810 [hep-ph]

    2019 arXiv

  19. [26]

    Acanfora, A

    F. Acanfora, A. Esposito, and A. D. Polosa, Sub-GeV Dark Matter in Superfluid He-4: an Effective Theory Ap- proach, Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 549 (2019), arXiv:1902.02361 [hep-ph]

    2019 arXiv

  20. [27]

    Trickle, Z

    T. Trickle, Z. Zhang, and K. M. Zurek, Detecting Light Dark Matter with Magnons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 201801 (2020), arXiv:1905.13744 [hep-ph]

    2020 arXiv

  21. [28]

    Caputo, A

    A. Caputo, A. Esposito, and A. D. Polosa, Sub-MeV Dark Matter and the Goldstone Modes of Superfluid Helium, Phys. Rev. D 100, 116007 (2019), arXiv:1907.10635 [hep- ph]

    2019 arXiv

  22. [29]

    Caputo, A

    A. Caputo, A. Esposito, E. Geoffray, A. D. Polosa, and S. Sun, Dark Matter, Dark Photon and Superfluid He-4 from Effective Field Theory, Phys. Lett. B 802, 135258 (2020), arXiv:1911.04511 [hep-ph]

    2020 arXiv

  23. [30]

    Trickle, Z

    T. Trickle, Z. Zhang, K. M. Zurek, K. Inzani, and S. M. Griffin, Multi-Channel Direct Detection of Light Dark Matter: Theoretical Framework, JHEP 03, 036, arXiv:1910.08092 [hep-ph]

    1910 arXiv

  24. [31]

    S. M. Griffin, K. Inzani, T. Trickle, Z. Zhang, and K. M. Zurek, Multichannel direct detection of light dark matter: Target comparison, Phys. Rev. D 101, 055004 (2020), arXiv:1910.10716 [hep-ph]

    2020 arXiv

  25. [32]

    G. Baym, D. H. Beck, J. P. Filippini, C. J. Pethick, and J. Shelton, Searching for low mass dark matter via phonon creation in superfluid 4He, Phys. Rev. D 102, 035014 (2020), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 104, 019901 (2021)], arXiv:2005.08824 [hep-ph]

    2020 arXiv

  26. [33]

    Mitridate, T

    A. Mitridate, T. Trickle, Z. Zhang, and K. M. Zurek, Detectability of Axion Dark Matter with Phonon Polari- tons and Magnons, Phys. Rev. D 102, 095005 (2020), arXiv:2005.10256 [hep-ph]. 7

    2020 arXiv

  27. [34]

    Chigusa, T

    S. Chigusa, T. Moroi, and K. Nakayama, Detecting light boson dark matter through conversion into a magnon, Phys. Rev. D 101, 096013 (2020), arXiv:2001.10666 [hep- ph]

    2020 arXiv

  28. [35]

    Caputo, A

    A. Caputo, A. Esposito, F. Piccinini, A. D. Polosa, and G. Rossi, Directional detection of light dark matter from three-phonon events in superfluid 4He, Phys. Rev. D 103, 055017 (2021), arXiv:2012.01432 [hep-ph]

    2021 arXiv

  29. [36]

    K. T. Matchev, J. Smolinsky, W. Xue, and Y. You, Super- fluid effective field theory for dark matter direct detection, JHEP 05, 034, arXiv:2108.07275 [hep-ph]

    arXiv

  30. [37]

    Y. You, J. Smolinsky, W. Xue, K. T. Matchev, K. Gunther, Y. Lee, and T. Saab, Signatures and detection prospects for sub-GeV dark matter with superfluid helium, JHEP 07, 009, arXiv:2208.14474 [hep-ph]

    arXiv

  31. [38]

    Campbell-Deem, S

    B. Campbell-Deem, S. Knapen, T. Lin, and E. Villarama, Dark matter direct detection from the single phonon to the nuclear recoil regime, Phys. Rev. D 106, 036019 (2022), arXiv:2205.02250 [hep-ph]

    2022 arXiv

  32. [39]

    Esposito and S

    A. Esposito and S. Pavaskar, Optimal antiferromagnets for light dark matter detection, Phys. Rev. D 108, L011901 (2023), arXiv:2210.13516 [hep-ph]

    2023 arXiv

  33. [40]

    Berlin, A

    A. Berlin, A. J. Millar, T. Trickle, and K. Zhou, Physical signatures of fermion-coupled axion dark matter, JHEP 05, 314, arXiv:2312.11601 [hep-ph]

    arXiv

  34. [41]

    Chigusa, D

    S. Chigusa, D. Kondo, H. Murayama, R. Okabe, and H. Sudo, Axion detection via superfluid 3He ferromagnetic phase and quantum measurement techniques, JHEP 09, 191, arXiv:2309.09160 [hep-ph]

    arXiv

  35. [42]

    Kahn and T

    Y. Kahn and T. Lin, Searches for light dark matter using condensed matter systems, Rept. Prog. Phys. 85, 066901 (2022), arXiv:2108.03239 [hep-ph]

    2022 arXiv

  36. [43]

    K. M. Zurek, Dark Matter Candidates of a Very Low Mass, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 74, 287 (2024), arXiv:2401.03025 [hep-ph]

    2024 arXiv

  37. [44]

    M. T. Hutchings and E. Samuelsen, Measurement of spin- wave dispersion in nio by inelastic neutron scattering and its relation to magnetic properties, Physical Review B 6, 3447 (1972)

    1972

  38. [45]

    Milano, L

    J. Milano, L. Steren, and M. Grimsditch, Effect of dipolar interaction on the antiferromagnetic resonance spectra of nio, Physical review letters 93, 077601 (2004)

    2004

  39. [46]

    S. M. Rezende, A. Azevedo, and R. L. Rodr ´ ıguez-Su´ arez, Introduction to antiferromagnetic magnons, Journal of Applied Physics 126, 10.1063/1.5109132 (2019)

    2019 doi

  40. [47]

    Chandra, P

    P. Chandra, P. Coleman, and A. Larkin, A quantum fluids approach to frustrated heisenberg models, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2, 7933 (1990)

    1990

  41. [48]

    C. P. Burgess, Goldstone and pseudoGoldstone bosons in nuclear, particle and condensed matter physics, Phys. Rept. 330, 193 (2000), arXiv:hep-th/9808176

    2000 arXiv

  42. [49]

    Pavaskar, R

    S. Pavaskar, R. Penco, and I. Z. Rothstein, An effective field theory of magneto-elasticity, SciPost Phys. 12, 155 (2022), arXiv:2112.13873 [hep-th]

    2022 arXiv

  43. [50]

    Brauner, Effective Field Theory for Spontaneously Bro- ken Symmetry (Springer Nature, 2024) arXiv:2404.14518 [hep-th]

    T. Brauner, Effective Field Theory for Spontaneously Bro- ken Symmetry (Springer Nature, 2024) arXiv:2404.14518 [hep-th]

    2024 arXiv

  44. [51]

    P. G. Catinari, A. Esposito, and S. Pavaskar, Effective field theory for anisotropic antiferromagnets: Gapped goldstone bosons, pseudo-goldstone excitations, and phase transitions, Phys. Rev. B 112, 064408 (2025)

    2025

  45. [52]

    Tomlinson, L

    J. Tomlinson, L. Domash, R. Hay, and C. Montgomery, The high temperature heat content of nickel oxide, Journal of the American Chemical Society 77, 909 (1955)

    1955

  46. [53]

    Kannan, D

    K. Kannan, D. Radhika, K. K. Sadasivuni, K. R. Reddy, and A. V. Raghu, Nanostructured metal oxides and its hybrids for photocatalytic and biomedical applications, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 281, 102178 (2020)

    2020

  47. [54]

    Leutwyler, Nonrelativistic effective lagrangians, Physi- cal Review D 49, 3033 (1994)

    H. Leutwyler, Nonrelativistic effective lagrangians, Physi- cal Review D 49, 3033 (1994)

    1994

  48. [55]

    Machado, P

    F. Machado, P. Ribeiro, J. Holanda, R. Rodr ´ ıguez-Su´ arez, A. Azevedo, and S. Rezende, Spin-flop transition in the easy-plane antiferromagnet nickel oxide, Physical Review B 95, 104418 (2017)

    2017

  49. [56]

    Krnjaic, D

    G. Krnjaic, D. Rocha, and T. Trickle, The non-relativistic effective field theory of dark matter-electron interactions, JHEP 03, 165, arXiv:2407.14598 [hep-ph]

    arXiv

  50. [57]

    Wang and L

    Z. Wang and L. Shao, Axion induced spin effec- tive couplings, Phys. Rev. D 103, 116021 (2021), arXiv:2102.04669 [hep-ph]

    2021 arXiv

  51. [58]

    Piffl et al

    T. Piffl et al. , The RA VE survey: the Galactic escape speed and the mass of the Milky Way, Astron. Astrophys. 562, A91 (2014), arXiv:1309.4293 [astro-ph.GA]

    2014 arXiv

  52. [59]

    Monari, B

    G. Monari, B. Famaey, I. Carrillo, T. Piffl, M. Steinmetz, R. F. Wyse, F. Anders, C. Chiappini, and K. Janssen, The escape speed curve of the galaxy obtained from gaia dr2 implies a heavy milky way, Astronomy & Astrophysics 616, L9 (2018)

    2018

  53. [60]

    Ou, A.-C

    X. Ou, A.-C. Eilers, L. Necib, and A. Frebel, The dark matter profile of the milky way inferred from its circular velocity curve, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 528, 693 (2024)

    2024

  54. [61]

    Bayrakci, T

    S. Bayrakci, T. Keller, K. Habicht, and B. Keimer, Spin- wave lifetimes throughout the brillouin zone, Science 312, 1926 (2006)

    2006

  55. [62]

    Bayrakci, D

    S. Bayrakci, D. Tennant, P. Leininger, T. Keller, M. Gib- son, S. Wilson, R. Birgeneau, and B. Keimer, Lifetimes of antiferromagnetic magnons in two and three dimensions:¡? format?¿ experiment, theory, and numerics, Physical re- view letters 111, 017204 (2013)

    2013

  56. [63]

    D. N. Spergel, The Motion of the Earth and the Detection of Wimps, Phys. Rev. D 37, 1353 (1988)

    1988

  57. [64]

    Mayet et al

    F. Mayet et al. , A review of the discovery reach of direc- tional Dark Matter detection, Phys. Rept. 627, 1 (2016), arXiv:1602.03781 [astro-ph.CO]

    2016 arXiv

  58. [65]

    I. G. Irastorza and J. Redondo, New experimental ap- proaches in the search for axion-like particles, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 102, 89 (2018), arXiv:1801.08127 [hep-ph]

    2018 arXiv

  59. [66]

    Di Luzio, M

    L. Di Luzio, M. Giannotti, E. Nardi, and L. Visinelli, The landscape of QCD axion models, Phys. Rept. 870, 1 (2020), arXiv:2003.01100 [hep-ph]

    2020 arXiv

  60. [67]

    Bianchini, G

    F. Bianchini, G. G. di Cortona, and M. Valli, QCD ax- ion: Some like it hot, Phys. Rev. D 110, 123527 (2024), arXiv:2310.08169 [hep-ph]

    2024 arXiv

  61. [68]

    M. M. Miller Bertolami, B. E. Melendez, L. G. Al- thaus, and J. Isern, Revisiting the axion bounds from the Galactic white dwarf luminosity function, JCAP 10, 069, arXiv:1406.7712 [hep-ph]

    arXiv

  62. [69]

    Caputo and G

    A. Caputo and G. Raffelt, Astrophysical Axion Bounds: The 2024 Edition, PoS COSMICWISPers, 041 (2024), arXiv:2401.13728 [hep-ph]

    2024 arXiv

  63. [70]

    Marocco and J

    G. Marocco and J. Wheater, Spin-dependent dark mat- ter scattering in quasi-two-dimensional magnets, (2025), arXiv:2501.18120 [hep-ph]

    2025 arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed August 12, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.