Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models

As of 13 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 29 of 29 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.14387.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.14387 v1

Coverage vector

measured 29 of 29 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.375923Z

measured 29 of 29 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

29 of 29 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy3
unresolved20
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation a312ab0e-088e-462a-a5ad-bb5908b27c29 · outbound

This paper cites — github.com.https://github.com/ollama/ollama, [Accessed 16-06-2024].

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models — github.com.https://github.com/ollama/ollama, [Accessed 16-06-2024]

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:14.049534Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 1382bb43-06be-4d47-969d-b7a56671a193 · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.247467Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0030c49a-65f0-411f-98bd-8541c1b16a0f · outbound

This paper cites https://llama.meta.com/llama3/, [Accessed 16-06-2024].

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models https://llama.meta.com/llama3/, [Accessed 16-06-2024]

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:14.035279Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation aebe1ee6-5c2f-4941-8075-1f2b5bacbf4b · outbound

This paper cites https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000326, https://www.ncbi.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000326, https://www.ncbi

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.256970Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7513e5ab-fc65-43c7-864c-a06c07c78d93 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:14.018858Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 36fc0d35-92dd-4b5d-b760-12c64372127c · outbound

This paper cites Scientific American 284(5), 34–43 (2001), https://www.jstor.org/stable/26059207, publisher: Sci- entific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Scientific American 284(5), 34–43 (2001), https://www.jstor.org/stable/26059207, publisher: Sci- entific American, a division of Nature America, Inc

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.876122Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 4857e092-5cde-4c60-89ae-23d62e5fa465 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Few-Shot Learners.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Language Models are Few-Shot Learners

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.270756Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b0431a5c-bb16-4b3f-bb10-75c4caa7d677 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:14.004073Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 3b6115f3-9d6b-4ca6-bd7b-c8781777d923 · outbound

This paper cites OK Google, What Is Your Ontology? Or: Exploring Freebase Classification to Understand Google's Knowledge Graph.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models OK Google, What Is Your Ontology? Or: Exploring Freebase Classification to Understand Google's Knowledge Graph

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.279027Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1df1e3a5-1730-483b-8389-7532d6952869 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 3rd Clinical Natural Language Pro- cessing Workshop.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models In: Proceedings of the 3rd Clinical Natural Language Pro- cessing Workshop

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.538878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 4632a419-e2b3-4791-8d67-f15f553e803e · outbound

This paper cites BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.288025Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 82cc9253-4253-46bc-bd8a-9cd5873537bf · outbound

This paper cites Expert Systems with Applica- tions 40(7), 2696–2703 (Jun 2013).

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Expert Systems with Applica- tions 40(7), 2696–2703 (Jun 2013)

Reference 12

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.523304Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 186dc5b6-53aa-4b37-89ec-32b80f048c68 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.988881Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation d29e2247-2165-44b4-bfb8-3badefc22800 · outbound

This paper cites End-to-end Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction using Pre-trained Language Models.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models End-to-end Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction using Pre-trained Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.303310Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f47e2f4f-708c-4380-bd1b-0a0ae46b7186 · outbound

This paper cites (eds.) Handbook on Ontologies, pp.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models (eds.) Handbook on Ontologies, pp

Reference 15

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.308965Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 94d46544-1bf2-4f4e-a382-2f4f03432776 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.777921Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation dbf107cd-98d2-4661-ae2c-e099b5d64933 · outbound

This paper cites ACM Comput- ing Surveys 55(12), 248:1–248:38 (Mar 2023).

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models ACM Comput- ing Surveys 55(12), 248:1–248:38 (Mar 2023)

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.319124Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3c5a874a-726f-44ed-964f-19964f938e64 · outbound

This paper cites BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 10(1), 56 (Sep 2010).

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 10(1), 56 (Sep 2010)

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.324334Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c6b440dd-0aad-470d-a925-4d99b9b6887e · outbound

This paper cites Do We Still Need Clinical Language Models?.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Do We Still Need Clinical Language Models?

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.329433Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 236fa358-27c5-43df-a020-4988fd868686 · outbound

This paper cites In: 2021 IEEE 9th International Con- ference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI).

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models In: 2021 IEEE 9th International Con- ference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI)

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.335005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0bfcbef5-ff27-4197-8265-1569ef7943c8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.971640Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation c13f0de0-ce28-40a5-ad4f-8e7b65a751dd · outbound

This paper cites AMIA Summits on Translational Science Proceedings 2021, 485–494 (May 2021), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8378650/.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models AMIA Summits on Translational Science Proceedings 2021, 485–494 (May 2021), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8378650/

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.955659Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 51c188b7-5652-4750-9a17-256e843dc274 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.941449Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 1d6f78e0-2457-43d2-b0d8-d3c61b697966 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.927705Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation be27b72b-eb37-4fff-ba67-70de6c72bf9d · outbound

This paper cites International Journal of Computing p.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models International Journal of Computing p

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.359088Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 303d0540-d925-49dd-9484-0f80dd2cd88f · outbound

This paper cites Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 63, 108–125 (Aug 2017).

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 63, 108–125 (Aug 2017)

Reference 26

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.433198Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 94c15745-eca1-48f2-8fc6-40f95156aa0b · outbound

This paper cites Med-BERT: pre-trained contextualized embeddings on large-scale structured electronic health records for disease prediction.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Med-BERT: pre-trained contextualized embeddings on large-scale structured electronic health records for disease prediction

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.367348Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b345e52e-efd3-4fd8-9728-74387dd4fe6a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.904487Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation f1450459-3e97-4766-8e4c-a46db83a0d93 · outbound

This paper cites Attention Is All You Need.

Clinical Trials Ontology Engineering with Large Language Models Attention Is All You Need

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:19:13.375923Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.