Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.612175Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning
As of 15 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 27 of 27 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.16599.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Coverage vector
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: cited_works
Reference resolution
27 of 27 outbound references displayed
- verified exact0
- verified fuzzy14
- unresolved13
- parse uncertain0
- malformed identifier0
- metadata mismatch0
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Outbound references
Observation 86650132-cfd7-4c3e-ba1c-24f31881fd7f · outbound
This paper cites World Models.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning World Models
Reference 1
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.487011Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e1de751e-d817-4cbe-8b07-792ac818aa0e · outbound
This paper cites Reasoning with Language Model is Planning with World Model.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Reasoning with Language Model is Planning with World Model
Reference 2
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.493027Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 06652ee1-ac18-40bc-b991-4db7b0a3fdb3 · outbound
This paper cites World Model on Million-Length Video And Language With Blockwise RingAttention.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning World Model on Million-Length Video And Language With Blockwise RingAttention
Reference 3
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.498538Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b9d84a79-efa2-4d21-9d46-5e40b1c062fc · outbound
This paper cites Penetrative ai: Making llms comprehend the physical world,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Penetrative ai: Making llms comprehend the physical world,
Reference 4
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:06.076764Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation 263c16ad-82e0-4eb2-b2ba-d0f7479bb9a1 · outbound
This paper cites Stepgame: A new benchmark for robust multi-hop spatial reasoning in texts,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Stepgame: A new benchmark for robust multi-hop spatial reasoning in texts,
Reference 5
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:06.060982Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation 4496aaef-c2ed-474e-acb7-37ec9f096352 · outbound
This paper cites Eval- uating spatial understanding of large language models,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Eval- uating spatial understanding of large language models,
Reference 6
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:06.045388Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation 6b9fc6ba-4703-4fa6-a88d-dbcf55aad462 · outbound
This paper cites SpartQA: : A Textual Question Answering Benchmark for Spatial Reasoning.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning SpartQA: : A Textual Question Answering Benchmark for Spatial Reasoning
Reference 7
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.521033Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation dee31865-f735-4b78-9d25-15fd47421547 · outbound
This paper cites Can Large Language Models be Good Path Planners? A Benchmark and Investigation on Spatial-temporal Reasoning.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Can Large Language Models be Good Path Planners? A Benchmark and Investigation on Spatial-temporal Reasoning
Reference 8
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.526241Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b6b1b0c3-c5a0-44a2-8877-cb0afababbe2 · outbound
This paper cites Advancing spatial reasoning in large language models: An in-depth evaluation and enhancement using the stepgame benchmark,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Advancing spatial reasoning in large language models: An in-depth evaluation and enhancement using the stepgame benchmark,
Reference 9
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:06.028494Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation b76c1a05-afa7-40b1-9724-21d0df1cc0e3 · outbound
This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning GPT-4 Technical Report
Reference 10
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.536601Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 634969cb-f05d-4736-ac92-1799865ddd12 · outbound
This paper cites Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision,
Reference 11
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.541338Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4fb1afa3-aee2-40c9-b75a-972bd31ae5b9 · outbound
This paper cites Scaling up vision-language pre-training for image captioning,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Scaling up vision-language pre-training for image captioning,
Reference 12
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.997392Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation ee1d367d-2c0c-49b0-8369-e01b9a11d65c · outbound
This paper cites Visual instruction tuning,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Visual instruction tuning,
Reference 13
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.980749Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation 4da937dd-f47f-441b-b5dd-a729538d505d · outbound
This paper cites MODE: a multimodal open-domain dialogue dataset with explanation,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning MODE: a multimodal open-domain dialogue dataset with explanation,
Reference 14
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.963609Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation cdceea7b-3961-4914-9e6a-af78bac8385a · outbound
This paper cites Canny, The complexity of robot motion planning.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Canny, The complexity of robot motion planning
Reference 15
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.946630Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation d9e5c415-fc7b-4cc8-9539-f16119af22f1 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Unresolved cited work
Reference 16
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.562695Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 930a76a6-6306-4e9c-a06c-9835a40853af · outbound
This paper cites Intelligent control and decision- making demonstrated on a simple compass-guided robot,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Intelligent control and decision- making demonstrated on a simple compass-guided robot,
Reference 17
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.916989Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation b1884237-a6bb-45f9-850a-40c0cbe2aa08 · outbound
This paper cites Plasticity of human spatial cognition: Spatial language and cognition covary across cultures,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Plasticity of human spatial cognition: Spatial language and cognition covary across cultures,
Reference 18
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.899360Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation abb1f37a-3880-4ab1-8888-6c32844914e1 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Unresolved cited work
Reference 19
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.883313Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation 9e875c7d-0722-46b8-aaf1-4a8b6bb602b9 · outbound
This paper cites Mind's Eye of LLMs: Visualization-of-Thought Elicits Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Mind's Eye of LLMs: Visualization-of-Thought Elicits Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models
Reference 20
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.578679Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e5a606e8-74fe-4f05-bc13-4f53f5c4652a · outbound
This paper cites Visual spatial reasoning,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Visual spatial reasoning,
Reference 21
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.866361Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation 557c7b6f-1b2d-44cc-86b2-e53dbf62dc5f · outbound
This paper cites What's "up" with vision-language models? Investigating their struggle with spatial reasoning.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning What's "up" with vision-language models? Investigating their struggle with spatial reasoning
Reference 22
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.587498Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e8b71fba-e78b-4a87-828b-981acb1d03ae · outbound
This paper cites Improved baselines with visual instruction tuning,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Improved baselines with visual instruction tuning,
Reference 23
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.850085Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation 12ee3148-c720-496e-b595-1eeb9305831c · outbound
This paper cites The claude 3 model family: Opus, sonnet, haiku,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning The claude 3 model family: Opus, sonnet, haiku,
Reference 24
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.597085Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3b5a6f9e-fe49-470e-99c8-cac06d98752d · outbound
This paper cites Gpt-4o mini: A smaller, cheaper ai model,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Gpt-4o mini: A smaller, cheaper ai model,
Reference 25
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.822641Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Observation 447d4899-bc7a-4edc-9c37-ffd815ad3125 · outbound
This paper cites Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context
Reference 26
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.606668Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 683d4dd7-22e4-4a3b-8873-1ad1e09eeae8 · outbound
This paper cites Ali iconfont,.
Do Multimodal Language Models Really Understand Direction? A Benchmark for Compass Direction Reasoning Ali iconfont,
Reference 27
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T10:29:05.802894Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.
Pith citing papers
No inbound Pith citation observations are available.