Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T23:01:05.175338Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 41 of 41 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.00257.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T23:01:05.175338Z
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-27T10:13:22.927828Z
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-03T10:07:56.328267Z
41 of 41 outbound references displayed
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Observation 88aeec0e-04dc-43dc-a02e-2aa1fe330a44 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Easy problems that llms get wrong
Reference 1
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 98cc8109-6d03-4cbf-92e9-25e880f9240e · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Wider and deeper llm networks are fairer llm evaluators
Reference 2
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation c38bcac9-4dd5-4ac1-b8c2-da444060f07b · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Likelihood-based mitigation of evaluation bias in large language models,
Reference 3
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4e4ffac1-4a65-4adb-92fa-df9d93044a48 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Eliminating Position Bias of Language Models: A Mechanistic Approach
Reference 4
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 919b7864-f95b-4f15-8e20-127e29523506 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Is Reference Necessary in the Evaluation of NLG Systems? When and Where?
Reference 5
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 71448988-0eea-4d2b-af94-4d6b91ca0f03 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Style Over Substance: Evaluation Biases for Large Language Models
Reference 6
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b1994f4a-8592-4206-8661-7595b712b042 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Developing Safe and Responsible Large Language Model : Can We Balance Bias Reduction and Language Understanding in Large Language Models?
Reference 7
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 30aa11da-13e1-4ed8-ab8d-c1c7a56d4f0e · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Can Large Language Models Be an Alternative to Human Evaluations?
Reference 8
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5181b783-d8b3-4886-b614-6d16f5062f3b · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Calibrating Reasoning in Language Models with Internal Consistency
Reference 9
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation dc3a4243-4793-4e0f-adb9-efc3d43ec620 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Investigating automatic scoring and feedback using large language models,
Reference 10
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation ad6b61c0-c0bb-4514-ba2b-36edc90e2bc3 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systems
Reference 11
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d537cba4-f00a-4fdc-8a62-f1585623981b · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
Reference 12
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0091f0e4-15eb-4ed8-8a54-b22ce563682f · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Multiple-Choice Questions are Efficient and Robust LLM Evaluators
Reference 13
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 95a6f582-434a-4cc3-a5f1-a2e516786e7c · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks
Reference 14
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a6f32267-84db-447c-9f6a-117e6592ba28 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta HybridRAG: Integrating Knowledge Graphs and Vector Retrieval Augmented Generation for Efficient Information Extraction
Reference 15
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 02f17650-ef9a-4586-8f96-c346e3425b57 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Evaluations are critical for understanding the capabilities of large language models (llms),
Reference 16
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation a4bdfffe-f263-4c9a-9483-dfe02acdf823 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Exploring bias and prediction metrics to characterise the fairness of machine learning for equity-centered public health decision-making: A narrative review,
Reference 17
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 160e2bd3-fa5b-4f0f-969c-8db522327a6a · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Fake news detection: Comparative evaluation of bert-like models and large language models with generative ai-annotated data,
Reference 18
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 28f090c3-1cf8-4b2d-b148-b1467cdaf159 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddings
Reference 19
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f7c52f11-703d-46f4-a9d4-c3cc1ed79500 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Vilbias: A framework for bias detection using linguistic and visual cues,
Reference 20
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation d062cd46-0c09-44ba-9e1f-b33e2882fbcf · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Usability maturity model: Human centredness scale,
Reference 21
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 3cf6f5e5-8b38-41e1-97f7-0d1bff4a7367 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Reference 22
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation d8523b20-6e6a-42f0-a7d6-ad7a2fe4a815 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Reference 23
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 3326e2ab-d9a2-43eb-b656-12ac69f29f96 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta New effect size rules of thumb,
Reference 24
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation ada8d743-b219-42e6-a95d-f0288407b618 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and anovas,
Reference 25
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation f7eeab6a-e473-45ac-9484-ca0408855362 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 26
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 97674471-872d-4a43-8fd7-cfc1a24921b5 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 27
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 3e13059f-c86d-4c40-98c1-c5521b4cae4b · outbound
Reference 28
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 578eca70-1d96-4042-8efe-da6bf14b93dc · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta • Length of the Bar: The longer the bar, the greater the effect size, meaning the model’s performance deviates more significantly from the EQUATOR evaluator
Reference 29
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation e0b85857-014a-4e37-a229-9e8124b00c8f · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta – Higher values mean a larger difference between the mean scores, standardized by the pooled variability
Reference 30
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation f43caacc-ba0d-42e1-9dca-4c2f796bcbfc · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 31
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation bab3a378-174a-4712-bd00-2973322a4400 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 32
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 47203ee1-7968-4860-910c-561dd076de8a · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 33
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation eac7ffff-97f9-4208-ab5e-c19e3cafc5be · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 34
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation a9548bf7-494d-44ed-a4e9-d6151f2ecb7e · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Larger effects require fewer questions
Reference 35
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation f86df44c-5829-41a8-81d6-0b05a06f1a07 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta • These models are relatively aligned with the EQUATOR evaluator, suggesting they produce similar results
Reference 36
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation e7d2daf7-0ddb-4958-b39e-b523e8786954 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta • These models perform significantly worse under the given evaluation, as indicated by large positive Cohen’s d values
Reference 37
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 0785b479-33f6-4e8d-b79f-7a8c26d733ff · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta • A wide range of Cohen’s d values (e.g., from˜0.3 to >2.0) indicates substantial variability in model performance
Reference 38
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 7b4aa07f-5509-4225-8e08-401831fa7131 · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 39
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation acd28fd1-4a70-420b-9280-b816ee0352ff · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 40
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation d9836045-3ec6-4a4c-8783-ccf30441411d · outbound
EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta Unresolved cited work
Reference 41
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 42c8eb86-374a-40d3-8b79-4964b2a39105 · inbound
Hybrid LLM-based Intelligent Framework for Robot Task Scheduling EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta
Reference 15
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 0478b8ac-07c5-4e89-9319-ea126317238f · inbound
Improving Cross-Format Robustness in Language Models with Multi-Format Training EQUATOR: A Deterministic Framework for Evaluating LLM Reasoning with Open-Ended Questions. # v1.0.0-beta
Reference 21
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.