Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 15 of 15 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.03266.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2501.03266 v2

Coverage vector

measured 15 of 15 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.867410Z

measured 17 of 17 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-21T10:21:35.137271Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-21T10:24:06.887249Z

Reference resolution

15 of 15 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy11
unresolved4
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 5b95a886-a6e2-4a72-93bc-aa36d5003c86 · outbound

This paper cites refusal penalty.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena refusal penalty

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:36.065468Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation e91de87d-bb1f-405d-bd3d-8ee4d976f9f7 · outbound

This paper cites I cannot provide information on that topic.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena I cannot provide information on that topic

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:36.054570Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation d7380648-08a2-426f-b90e-b99742a727f1 · outbound

This paper cites The dataset consists of 57,477 conversation pairs, with each pair comprising responses from two distinct models to a shared user prompt.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena The dataset consists of 57,477 conversation pairs, with each pair comprising responses from two distinct models to a shared user prompt

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:36.020669Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 392b9144-fa47-492d-82ca-39fd79932b9d · outbound

This paper cites Grounded in a novel refusal typology and a large-scale, annotated dataset, we tested four hypotheses spanning user perceptions, response phrasing, and contextual moderation effects.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena Grounded in a novel refusal typology and a large-scale, annotated dataset, we tested four hypotheses spanning user perceptions, response phrasing, and contextual moderation effects

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.933704Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 46b7ab0c-c0d1-411c-853b-8ac340197f3f · outbound

This paper cites Model Yes Yes Yes Observations 49938 49938 49938 R-squared 0.13 0.13 0.01 Robust standard errors in parenthesis.* p<.1, p<.05, *p<.01.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena Model Yes Yes Yes Observations 49938 49938 49938 R-squared 0.13 0.13 0.01 Robust standard errors in parenthesis.* p<.1, ** p<.05, ***p<.01

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.958184Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 725365ff-5278-45a1-a37c-791e4ebae075 · outbound

This paper cites That said, interpretations of specific content categories should be made with caution.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena That said, interpretations of specific content categories should be made with caution

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.947194Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 9225d55d-acaf-4068-b031-94dc66779f43 · outbound

This paper cites Building Guardrails for Large Language Models.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena Building Guardrails for Large Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.863283Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 387520b6-c0ff-420c-a816-24b2b7820324 · outbound

This paper cites Comparing BERT against traditional machine learning text classification.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena Comparing BERT against traditional machine learning text classification

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.867410Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 18e58fa5-0ef1-4649-9762-d05d7f8c90d4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena Unresolved cited work

Reference 1482

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.921212Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 037989f0-074a-43a2-b006-101bde13484d · outbound

This paper cites Is there anything else I can do?.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena Is there anything else I can do?

Reference 1977

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.978772Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation b89cb8d8-d50d-4ac8-866a-34c5261fda83 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena Unresolved cited work

Reference 1986

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:36.031747Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 8f2e6fc8-e522-47d2-9503-6088e21fdaf9 · outbound

This paper cites Taken together, these perspectives suggest that users may respond more favorably to refusals that exhibit topical alignment and conversational relevance.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena Taken together, these perspectives suggest that users may respond more favorably to refusals that exhibit topical alignment and conversational relevance

Reference 1987

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:36.043252Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation e65ce628-daa7-4de5-8902-e6e3c8ba97e6 · outbound

This paper cites From this filtered set, we hand-labeled 1,750 model response pairs, corresponding to a total of 3,500 individual model responses.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena From this filtered set, we hand-labeled 1,750 model response pairs, corresponding to a total of 3,500 individual model responses

Reference 2016

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.991990Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 8a9f3346-f8e1-4fcb-b43e-a538627ac074 · outbound

This paper cites I’m sorry, I can’t help with that.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena I’m sorry, I can’t help with that

Reference 2019

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:35.968363Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 76cddfe5-e4de-4724-b480-c4665fca18ab · outbound

This paper cites As an AI, I do not have the capability to respond.

LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena As an AI, I do not have the capability to respond

Reference 2024

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:19:36.008893Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation fbd510c1-d91a-4bb8-8617-985b54eb6ce5 · inbound

Breakdowns in Conversational AI: Interactional Failures in Emotionally and Ethically Sensitive Contexts cites this paper.

Breakdowns in Conversational AI: Interactional Failures in Emotionally and Ethically Sensitive Contexts LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena

Reference 28

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T19:48:11.296642Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 2ec6b30d-0b60-4dff-bc48-48f778208913 · inbound

Beyond Compliance: How AI Could Help Creative Writers by Refusing Them cites this paper.

Beyond Compliance: How AI Could Help Creative Writers by Refusing Them LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena

Reference 70

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-21T10:24:06.890493Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.