The LHC as a TeV Muon Beam Dump: Muonphilic Scalars at FASER

Max Fieg; Roshan Mammen Abraham

REVIEW 2 major objections 4 minor 1 cited by

The LHC as a TeV Muon Beam Dump: Muonphilic Scalars at FASER

T0 review · 2 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-10 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The paper proposes that the intense forward muon flux at the LHC, normally treated as background, can be used as a TeV-scale muon beam dump to produce long-lived muonphilic scalars, with FASER2 covering the full open parameter region that…

desk verdict A clean, well-scoped sensitivity study that makes a real first move on using the LHC's forward muon flux as a beam dump, but the headline claim about completely covering the (g-2)_mu region rests on an assumed zero-background performance of the upgraded preshower that the paper does not simulate. read the letter →

arxiv 2501.09071 v2 pith:IZCJ4J4I submitted 2025-01-15 hep-ph hep-ex

Roshan Mammen Abraham , Max Fieg This is my paper · ORCID

classification hep-phhep-ex

keywords muonphilicscalarlong-livedparticleFASERFASER2forwardphysicsattheLHCmuong-2anomalybeamdumppreshower

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper proposes treating the intense forward muon beam at the LHC, which is normally counted only as background, as a TeV-scale muon beam dump for producing new muonphilic scalars. It argues that a scalar coupling only to muons, with mass below the dimuon threshold, would be long-lived and decay to two photons, making forward detectors like FASER and its proposed upgrade FASER2 natural discovery sites. Using the planned high-granularity preshower to spatially resolve two energetic photons while suppressing neutrino backgrounds, the projected search reaches previously unconstrained parameter space. In particular, the authors find that FASER2 with the full HL-LHC luminosity can completely cover the open region around a scalar mass of about 150 MeV that could explain the measured muon anomalous magnetic moment anomaly.

What carries the argument

The central object is a minimal muonphilic scalar with Lagrangian $\mathcal{L}\supset \frac12(\partial_\mu S)^2 - \frac12 m_S^2 S^2 - g_S S \bar\mu\mu$, which below the dimuon threshold decays only to two photons via a muon loop, making it naturally long-lived. The argument is carried by three production mechanisms: rare three-body decays of forward mesons (especially $K^\pm\to\mu^\pm\nu S$ and $\omega\to\mu^+\mu^-S$), muon Bremsstrahlung $\mu N\to\mu N S$ in the TAS copper absorbers and rock, and Bremsstrahlung inside the FASERnu tungsten target, which yields a qualitatively different muon-plus-diphoton signature. The enabling experimental element is the upgraded high-granularity preshower, which can resolve two photons with energies above 100 GeV separated by more than about 200 microns; the analysis requires $E_{\gamma\gamma}>200$ GeV and $\Delta_{\gamma\gamma}>200\ \mu$m to remove the neutrino background.

What would settle it

A detector-level Monte Carlo or early Run 3 data from the upgraded preshower that yields even one neutrino-induced event per 770 fb$^{-1}$ passing $E_{\gamma\gamma}>200$ GeV and $\Delta_{\gamma\gamma}>200\ \mu$m would push the lower boundary of the exclusion region to larger couplings and remove the claim of fully covering the $(g-2)_\mu$ window.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that the LHC's forward muons, about $2\times10^9$ passing through FASER during Run 3 with a significant tail above 1 TeV, can serve as a production source for muonphilic scalars $S$ defined by the coupling $g_S S \bar\mu\mu$. Scalars with $m_S<2m_\mu$ decay to two photons through a muon loop with a decay length of roughly $L_S\approx480$ m at $E_S=100$ GeV and $g_S=6\times10^{-4}$, well matched to FASER's location 480 m downstream. The authors simulate production from rare three-body meson decays (kaons and omega mesons dominate) and from muon Bremsstrahlung in the TAS copper absorbers, the intervening rock, and the FASERnu tungsten target. After imposing the upgraded preshower resolution cuts ($E_{\gamma\gamma}>200$ GeV and $\Delta_{\gamma\gamma}>200\ \mu$m), they find FASER with 770 fb$^{-1}$ can probe currently unconstrained parameter space and mostly cover the $(g-2)_\mu$ favored region, while FASER2 with 3 ab$^{-1}$ completely covers the open region around $m_S\sim150$ MeV and $g_S\sim5\times10^{-4}$.

Load-bearing premise

The reach depends on the assumption that the upgraded preshower, together with the tracking spectrometer and calorimeter, completely eliminates the neutrino background, and that the muon-plus-diphoton channel has zero background after the energy and separation cuts, an assumption the paper calls optimistic and supports with no dedicated Monte Carlo background simulation.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

With 770 fb$^{-1}$ (end of Run 3 plus Run 4), FASER reaches previously unconstrained muonphilic scalar parameter space, mostly closing the gap that can explain the $(g-2)_\mu$ anomaly for $m_S<2m_\mu$.
With 3 ab$^{-1}$, FASER2 completely covers the open $(g-2)_\mu$-preferred region around $m_S\sim150$ MeV and $g_S\sim5\times10^{-4}$.
The dominant production comes from rare decays of kaons and omega mesons, so including the full forward meson spectrum matters for the reach.
The required energy and separation cuts ($E_{\gamma\gamma}>200$ GeV and $\Delta_{\gamma\gamma}>200\ \mu$m) mainly reduce sensitivity at small couplings; even with stricter cuts of $E_{\gamma\gamma}>500$ GeV or $>2$ TeV, open $(g-2)_\mu$ regions remain accessible.
The muon-plus-diphoton channel from production inside FASERnu adds reach only at large couplings at FASER, and at FASER2 it probes only parameter space already covered by the diphoton signal.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

A dedicated detector simulation of neutrino and muon-induced backgrounds in the upgraded preshower is the natural next step; if irreducible backgrounds exceed of order one event, the long-lifetime boundary of the reach shifts to larger couplings, making the $(g-2)_\mu$ coverage the most testable part of the claim.
The same forward muon beam could produce other muonphilic states, such as dark photons or $Z'$ bosons, and the billions of existing muon events discarded as background could be mined for such signatures.
If the lattice-QCD and data-driven evaluations of the muon $g-2$ hadronic contribution converge, the anomaly motivation weakens, but the search still maps out previously unconstrained parameter space for muonphilic scalars as a generic new-physics probe.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Quick take: this is a solid, honest sensitivity projection, and the first to treat the LHC's forward muon flux as a production target for muonphilic scalars at FASER and FASER2. The event-rate machinery is standard, the production modes are described in enough detail to reproduce, and the authors are upfront about where their assumptions are optimistic. The main caveat is exactly where the stress test puts it: the claim that FASER2 completely covers the open (g-2)_mu region below 2m_mu is carried by the pure diphoton channel, and that channel assumes the upgraded preshower plus tracker and calorimeter eliminate neutrino backgrounds entirely. That is an assumption, not a demonstrated result. The earlier FASER ALP search saw 19 neutrino events in the preshower pass preliminary cuts in 57.7 fb^-1 and needed a 1.5 TeV energy cut to get below one event. The new preshower's two-photon resolution is promising, but no dedicated simulation shows that neutrino deep-inelastic events producing pi0s or multiple photon-like showers are suppressed to well below one event with only E>200 GeV and Delta>200 micron. If even a fraction survive, the lower boundary of the exclusion contour moves to larger couplings and the complete-coverage claim weakens. The paper's own Appendix shows reach degrades with harder energy cuts, so the authors know the sensitivity is cut-dependent. This is a real soft spot, but not a fatal one: the paper is a projection, and it flags the optimistic assumptions, so a referee can ask for a background study or a softened headline.

What is genuinely new and good: combining rare meson decays beyond kaons (especially omega) with bremsstrahlung in the TAS, the rock, and inside FASERnu; introducing the muon-plus-diphoton signature; and using FORESEE and MadGraph with clear cross-section formulas. The appendix on energy cuts, luminosity, and reduced preshower coverage is useful and makes the robustness of the reach easy to assess. Citation pattern looks appropriate, including the relevant recent FASER results and the FORESEE code. The muon+2gamma channel is explicitly labeled very optimistic and, as the paper itself notes, probes parameter space already covered by the diphoton signal, so it is not the load-bearing part of the claim—the stress test is right about that.

Verdict: worth serious peer review. The paper deserves a referee's time, and the main revision should be a dedicated background simulation for the upgraded preshower, or at least a quantitative argument for why neutrino DIS backgrounds are suppressed below the assumed level. If the authors cannot show that, the complete-coverage claim should be softened. Recommended: send to peer review.

Referee Report

2 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper proposes to treat the forward LHC muon flux as a TeV-scale muon beam dump for producing muonphilic scalars (S) that decay to two photons, with the photons detectable at FASER and its proposed upgrade FASER2. The authors calculate S production from rare meson decays via FORESEE and from muon bremsstrahlung in the TAS/TAXS absorbers, the intervening rock, and the FASERnu(2) tungsten target via MadGraph. They apply kinematic cuts motivated by the planned high-granularity preshower (E_γγ > 200 GeV, Δ_γγ > 200 μm) and present 90% C.L. exclusion projections for FASER (770 fb^-1) and FASER2 (3 ab^-1). The central claim is that FASER2 can completely cover the unexcluded (g-2)_mu parameter region for mS < 2m_μ, and the paper also presents a separately labeled, explicitly optimistic muon+diphoton channel from production in FASERnu(2).

Significance. If the projected sensitivity is realized, the paper introduces a genuinely new physics capability: using the LHC's forward muon beam as a dump for muonphilic particles, thereby opening an experimental window to the (g-2)_mu solution below the dimuon threshold. The analysis is largely reproducible in structure: standard decay formulas are used, FORESEE and MadGraph are standard tools, and the signal definitions are clear. The paper is commendably explicit about its optimistic assumptions, labeling the muon+diphoton channel as 'very optimistic' and acknowledging the neutrino-background assumption in the diphoton channel. The appendices with variations in energy cut, luminosity, and preshower coverage are useful and strengthen the paper. The main weakness is that the headline coverage claim depends on an unquantified background assumption, which is the focus of the major comments below.

major comments (2)

[Sec. IV.C, Fig. 4] The claimed complete coverage of the (g-2)_mu band by FASER2 rests on the assumption that the high-granularity preshower, together with the tracker and calorimeter, can completely eliminate the neutrino background for the diphoton signal after E_γγ > 200 GeV and Δ_γγ > 200 μm. This assumption is not demonstrated. The paper itself notes that in the existing FASER ALP search (Ref. [13]), 19 neutrino interactions in the preshower passed preliminary cuts in 57.7 fb^-1, and an energy cut of E > 1.5 TeV was required to reduce the background below one event. Scaling that rate to 3 ab^-1 gives O(1000) events before such an energy cut, while the new selection uses a much lower energy threshold of 200 GeV. The two-photon resolving power of the upgraded preshower is a new rejection handle, but no detector simulation is provided to show that neutrino deep-inelastic events, which can produce pi0 -> gamma gamma or multiple photon-like showers, are suppressed to the sub-event level. If the residual background exceeds the roughly 90-event level probed by the 100 fb^-1 contour in the middle row of Fig. 5, the 3-event exclusion contour moves to larger gS and the claimed complete coverage of the (g-2)_mu region at mS ~ 150 MeV is lost. The authors should provide a dedicated background estimate, or alternatively present the sensitivity as a function of the residual background and state the maximum background for which the coverage claim holds.
[Appendix A, Fig. 5] The robustness study in the top row of Fig. 5 shows that FASER2 retains sensitivity to 'open regions' of the (g-2)_mu parameter space when the energy cut is increased to 500 GeV or 2000 GeV, but the wording is weaker than the headline claim of complete coverage for E_γγ > 200 GeV. Since a nonzero neutrino background may force a harder energy cut, the paper should explicitly state whether the E_γγ > 500 GeV and E_γγ > 2000 GeV contours still completely enclose the unexcluded (g-2)_mu region at FASER2, and should quantify the maximum acceptable background level consistent with the 'complete coverage' claim. This is a load-bearing quantitative statement, not just a presentation issue.

minor comments (4)

[Sec. III] The word 'impemented' should read 'implemented'.
[Sec. IV.B.3 and Fig. 4 caption] The word 'Bremmstrahlung' should read 'Bremsstrahlung'.
[Appendix A] The claim that 'even with just 100 fb^-1 of data the reach can be saturated at the mS < 2m_μ limit' is surprising and should be clarified; in particular, the term 'saturated' should be defined in terms of the contour's location in the (mS, gS) plane.
[Fig. 4 caption] The caption of Fig. 4 does not state that the muon+diphoton curve (light blue) is not included in the summed contours and, at FASER2, does not extend the diphoton reach; this information appears only in the text of Sec. V and would be helpful in the caption.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the FASER/FASER2 sensitivity projections are self-contained forward Monte Carlo calculations; the (g-2)_mu band is a benchmark overlay, not an input to the signal-rate calculation.

full rationale

The paper's central derivation is a forward sensitivity calculation: Eq. (6) combines external muon fluxes (Pythia-generated for the TA(X)S and FLUKA-based for the rock), MadGraph simulations of muon Bremsstrahlung with nuclear form factors, FORESEE simulations of rare meson decays, and the analytic diphoton width/lifetime of the scalar, then counts events after kinematic cuts. The (g-2)_mu band shown in Fig. 4 is computed from Eq. (2) as a function of the two model parameters (mS, gS) and is used only as a benchmark overlay; it is not fitted from the FASER event rates, and no parameter is tuned to make the projected exclusion contour match the band. Existing constraints (BaBar, E137, SN1987, etc.) are external bounds used as comparisons, not as inputs to the event-rate calculation. The self-citations to the FASER ALP search [13] and FASER tracking detector [76] provide measured background counts and muon-flux normalization data; they are not invoked to force the predicted reach or to forbid alternatives. The main caveat in Sec. IV.C, that the upgraded preshower 'in combination with the tracking spectrometer and calorimeter, can completely eliminate the neutrino background,' is an unvalidated experimental assumption rather than a circular step: it affects whether the projected exclusion contours are realistic, but it does not make the signal prediction equal to a fitted input by construction. Overall, no load-bearing derivation step reduces to its own inputs, and the analysis is self-contained as a sensitivity projection.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 1 invented entities

No physical constants are fitted to data. The model parameters mS and gS are scanned to draw exclusion contours, while the hand-chosen analysis thresholds are the photon energy cut, the photon separation cut, and the 3-event exclusion threshold. The main input assumptions are the external flux simulations, the background-free detector performance, and the validity of the loop-level formulas. The paper is transparent about the optimistic nature of the background assumptions.

free parameters (2)

Photon energy and separation cuts (E_gamma_gamma > 200 GeV, Delta_gamma_gamma > 200 micron) = 200 GeV; 200 micron
Chosen by hand as the nominal preshower resolution and background-suppression thresholds. The central reach depends on them, and the paper explores variations in Appendix A.
Exclusion threshold = 3 signal events (90% C.L.)
Chosen as the Poisson zero-background 90% confidence level convention. Appendix A reinterprets different luminosities as 3, 4.6, and 11.5 event thresholds.

assumptions (5)

domain assumption Forward muon and meson fluxes from Pythia 8 and FLUKA simulations are accurate enough for sensitivity estimates; forward hadron production uncertainties are not propagated.
Sec. IV.B relies on Pythia 8 for the muon flux at the TAS and on a FLUKA simulation from Ref. [8] for the flux entering the rock. The paper states the uncertainty is expected not to significantly impact results but does not quantify it.
domain assumption The upgraded high-granularity preshower can resolve two photons with energy above 100 GeV and separation above 200 micron with high efficiency, and in combination with the tracking spectrometer and calorimeter this completely eliminates the neutrino background.
Secs. III and IV.C explicitly assume this to make the diphoton search background-free. The paper cites collaboration studies for the resolving power but provides no public simulation.
ad hoc to paper Muon bremsstrahlung inside FASERnu produces a detectable parent muon plus two photons, with no irreducible muon-induced background after the kinematic cuts.
Sec. IV.B.3 and IV.C present this channel as optimistic and 'background free', acknowledging that the backgrounds are not well understood and require dedicated detector simulation.
domain assumption The muonphilic scalar model has a valid UV completion, and the loop-induced diphoton decay width and (g-2)_mu contribution are given by standard formulas.
Sec. II uses the effective Lagrangian of Eq. (1), the one-loop (g-2)_mu expression of Eq. (2), and the decay width of Eq. (3) from prior literature; no new UV completion is derived.
domain assumption FORESEE and MadGraph with the chosen nuclear form factors correctly describe rare meson decays and muon-nucleus bremsstrahlung in the relevant energy range.
Sec. IV uses FORESEE [77] for meson production and MadGraph [80] with the form factor of Ref. [81] for bremsstrahlung. The paper does not validate these tools against FASER data in this parameter range.

invented entities (1)

Muonphilic scalar S (pre-existing model, central to this study) independent evidence
purpose: Light scalar coupling only to muons, searched for through S to gamma gamma decays and through muon-plus-diphoton events at FASER/FASER2.
The scalar is not newly invented here; it is borrowed from earlier muonphilic scalar literature. The paper does provide new falsifiable handles in the form of projected event counts and reach contours that future FASER data can confirm or exclude.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of The LHC as a TeV Muon Beam Dump: Muonphilic Scalars at FASER." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/IZCJ4J4I

@misc{pith2026250109071,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: The LHC as a TeV Muon Beam Dump: Muonphilic Scalars at FASER},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/IZCJ4J4I}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2501.09071}
}

abstract

The FASER experiment was designed to study long-lived dark sector particles and neutrinos traveling in the forward direction at the LHC. Neutrinos are predominantly produced from meson decays, which also result in an intense energetic flux of muons in the forward direction regularly observed by FASER. So far, these muons are treated only as backgrounds to neutrino and new physics studies, and extensive effort is required to suppress them. In this study, we consider the opposite scenario and use muons produced in the forward direction to produce new muonphilic scalars, which can then be searched for at the FASER detector. To minimize the backgrounds for this search, we make use of an upgraded preshower component, which is expected to be installed at FASER before the end of Run 3, and is capable of spatially resolving two energetic photons. We find that FASER, and its upgrade, FASER2 can probe currently unconstrained regions of parameter space, including regions that can potentially explain the $(g-2)_{\mu}$ anomaly. This highlights the physics opportunities that the intense TeV muon beam at the LHC can bring.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2501.09071 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** FIG. 3. Energy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (2 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: FIG. 4. Projected exclusion at 90% C.L. for FASER (left) using the end of Run 3 + Run 4 luminosity (770 fb [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: FIG. 5. Projected exclusion at 90% C.L. for FASER and FASER2. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png]

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Reviewed August 10, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

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TAS - 2γ As discussed in Sec. III, the TAS and TAXS are the copper charged-particle absorbers near the ATLAS IP during Run 3 and HL-LHC era respectively, which will experience an incident muon flux before the magnets have influenced their trajectory (see Fig. 1 of Ref. [82]). In principle, S could be produced in the other materials sur- rounding the absor...

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