Delay-Doppler Multiplexing With Global Filtering

Arman Farhang; Jialiang Zhu; Mohsen Bayat

REVIEW 3 major objections 6 minor 22 references

Delay-Doppler Multiplexing With Global Filtering

T0 review · 3 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-10 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read A new modulation scheme, GF-OTFS, replaces the OFDM modem in SC-FDMA-based OTFS with a UFMC modem that filters adjacent frequency-Doppler bins, mitigating inter-Doppler interference and improving spectral containment.

desk verdict GF-OTFS is a genuinely new combination—UFMC filtering across frequency-Doppler bins—with a coherent derivation and promising simulations, but the all-ones predistortion calibration leaves off-diagonal subband leakage unverified and the BER gains rest on that assumption. read the letter →

arxiv 2501.13793 v1 pith:3LRMZRX6 submitted 2025-01-23 eess.SP

Jialiang Zhu , Mohsen Bayat , Arman Farhang This is my paper · ORCID

classification eess.SP

keywords OTFSUFMCSC-FDMAinter-Dopplerinterferencespectralcontainmentdelay-DopplerdomainfractionalDoppler5GNRmask

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper proposes GF-OTFS, a modulation technique that replaces the OFDM modem in SC-FDMA-based OTFS with a universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) modem. The central claim is that filtering adjacent frequency-Doppler bins as subbands suppresses inter-Doppler interference and sharpens spectral containment, something earlier UFMC-based OTFS variants did not achieve because they filtered along the delay dimension. In simulations over a TDL-C channel at 500 km/h with 16-QAM, GF-OTFS shows no error floor and gains up to about 5 dB in bit error rate over receiver-windowed OTFS at high SNR, while keeping out-of-band emissions below the 3GPP 5G spectral mask. The paper derives an equivalent delay-Doppler channel for the filtered system and demonstrates the BER performance with an MMSE detector.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the UFMC modem inserted where an OFDM modem normally sits in the SC-FDMA implementation of OTFS. The Cooley-Tukey factorization $F_{MN} = \Psi (I_N \otimes F_M) \Omega (F_N \otimes I_M)$ rewrites the OTFS transform as a twiddle-factor multiplication followed by an SC-FDMA modulator, which places the frequency-Doppler bins in adjacency and lets them be grouped into UFMC subbands. A predistortion matrix $P$, obtained by passing an all-ones vector through the UFMC modem and pointwise inverting the received response, is applied before filtering to compensate the modem's distortion. The equivalent channel $H^{\mathrm{GF}}_{\mathrm{DD}} = \Gamma^H H^{\mathrm{GF}}_{\mathrm{FD}} \Gamma$ then maps transmitted delay-Doppler symbols to received ones through the filtered frequency-Doppler channel.

What would settle it

Pass random 16-QAM symbols through the GF-OTFS transmitter and compare the received constellation after the UFMC demodulator with the prediction of Eq. (13) at high SNR; a larger error-vector magnitude than the all-ones probe predicts would falsify the predistortion assumption. Equivalently, measure whether the empirical BER matches the MMSE bound from Eq. (14) as SNR grows, since a residual filtering distortion would create an error floor.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the discovery is that the interleaving stage of SC-FDMA-based OTFS exposes the frequency-Doppler bins as contiguous samples, so a UFMC modem can act as a global pulse-shaping filter along the Doppler dimension. By grouping four consecutive frequency-Doppler bins into subbands and applying an FIR filter to each, the scheme reduces the Doppler sidelobes that cause inter-Doppler interference and steepens the spectral roll-off beyond what time-domain windowing achieves. The resulting equivalent delay-Doppler channel matrix allows standard MMSE detection, and in simulation the scheme outperforms DR-UFMC and receiver-windowed OTFS in BER while meeting the 5G spectral mask.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the predistortion matrix computed from an all-ones probe cancels the UFMC modem's distortion for arbitrary QAM data, leaving the equivalent channel in Eq. (13) as a faithful delay-Doppler channel; if the filtering distortion depends on the data or the inversion amplifies subband-edge distortion, the reported BER gains would not hold.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If GF-OTFS performs as claimed, high-mobility links can transmit QAM constellations without an error floor under fractional Doppler shifts.
Compliance with the 3GPP 5G spectral mask means GF-OTFS could be used in shared spectrum without additional out-of-band filtering.
The BER gain over receiver-windowed OTFS reaches roughly 5 dB at high SNR in the simulated setup, so high-rate coded links operating at high SNR would benefit most.
The shorter transition band relative to DR-UFMC reduces interference between adjacent subbands, which matters for multiuser spectrum sharing.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

A natural extension, not tested in the paper, is to sweep the subband size $N^{\mathrm{rb}}_{\mathrm{sc}}$ beyond 4; if the mechanism is correct, wider subbands should suppress more Doppler leakage but may worsen the predistortion residual.
The predistortion method could be adapted to use a data-driven estimate from pilots instead of an all-ones probe, which would make the scheme robust to filter mismatch and hardware imperfections.
The same logic may transfer to other delay-Doppler multiplexing schemes, such as Zak-OTFS or ODDM, provided their transform also exposes contiguous frequency-Doppler bins to permit global filtering.
The equivalent-channel derivation suggests that any modifiable linear modem placed in the SC-FDMA path could be compensated with the same all-ones predistortion recipe, not only UFMC.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Honest take: GF-OTFS is a real new idea—UFMC filtering across adjacent frequency-Doppler bins instead of along delay—and the paper does a decent job of deriving the system model and showing via simulation that the OOB emissions meet the 5G mask and BER is competitive. The math is coherent and the comparison against DR-UFMC and RW-OTFS is fair.

I agree with the reader and the stress-test note that the predistortion step is the load-bearing weak point. Calibrating P with an all-ones vector only forces the diagonal of the modem response; it does not cancel off-diagonal subband leakage. With L_f = Nsc/4 + 1 and N_rb_sc = 4, the transition bands between subbands are wide enough that this off-diagonal term is very likely non-negligible. The paper never reports the diagonal dominance of the effective modem matrix, the modem-only EVM, or the transmit power normalization. If the predistortion is imperfect, the transmitted signal carries residual distortion and the reported up-to-5 dB gain over RW-OTFS may shrink.

That said, the stress-test note may overstate the danger: even if P does not fully diagonalize, the MMSE detector in (14) operates on the true equivalent channel H_GF_DD, which includes the actual modem response. So detection can partly compensate for residual filtering distortion, provided the receiver knows the channel. The issue is more about per-bin power imbalance and whether the all-ones calibration introduces an SNR penalty on weak bins, not an immediate collapse of the whole scheme.

Other soft spots are minor: a single simulation scenario with no statistical error bars, no shipped code or data, and the SC-FDMA representation leans on the authors' own prior work. Self-citation is not a flaw here; [11] is the natural foundation and the current result is evaluated by independent simulation against external baselines.

Who this is for: people working on high-mobility waveforms, OTFS variants, and UFMC. The novel combination and clean derivation justify peer review; the predistortion analysis needs more than an all-ones probe. I would send it to review with a request that the authors report diagonality, EVM, and power normalization, and ideally add a second BER scenario. It deserves a serious referee.

Referee Report

3 major / 6 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes GF-OTFS, a modulation scheme that replaces the OFDM modem inside the SC-FDMA-based implementation of OTFS with a UFMC modem. The authors derive the transmit and receive signal models, introduce a predistortion matrix calibrated by an all-ones probe, define an equivalent delay-Doppler channel, and compare BER, out-of-band emissions, and Doppler-spread impulse responses against OTFS, RW-OTFS, and DR-UFMC. The central claims are that the UFMC filtering of adjacent frequency-Doppler bins mitigates inter-Doppler interference and that GF-OTFS achieves comparable or better BER than the baselines while significantly improving spectral containment.

Significance. The paper is well organized, and the algebraic development of the SC-FDMA-based OTFS representation and its extension to UFMC is coherent. The proposed architecture is a reasonable way to combine OTFS's Doppler resilience with UFMC's spectral containment, and the simulations include relevant baselines as well as 3GPP spectral-mask compliance. However, the central BER claim rests on an unverified predistortion assumption and on under-specified simulation details, so the contribution is not yet fully supported. If the predistortion step is validated and the simulation methodology is clarified, the work would be a useful step toward low-OOB Doppler-resilient waveforms.

major comments (3)

[Section III, Eqs. (9)-(10)] The predistortion matrix P is derived by passing a single all-ones vector through the UFMC modem, i.e., \tilde{s}_{f,0} = R_u T_0 1_{Nsc} and P = diag{1_{Nsc} \oslash \tilde{s}_{f,0}} times a scalar. This procedure only equalizes the row sums of the equivalent modem matrix A = R_u T_n for a constant input; it does not constrain the off-diagonal entries of A for arbitrary QAM data. With the chosen filter length L_f^{GF} = Nsc/4+1 and subband size N_{rb}^{sc}=4, transition-band leakage between adjacent subbands can introduce non-negligible off-diagonal inter-carrier interference that the all-ones probe cannot measure. Moreover, at subband edges where |\tilde{s}_{f,0}[k]| is small, |P_k| is large, which can create per-bin transmit power imbalance; under a fixed total power constraint this lowers the effective SNR of weak bins. The paper should prove that A P is a scaled identity or report diagonal-dominance metrics, and should include a modem-only evaluation (e.g., EVM or BER with and without predistortion). Without this, the no-error-floor and up-to-5 dB BER claims in Fig. 9 are not supported.
[Section IV, Fig. 9] The simulation methodology for the central BER result is insufficiently specified. The text does not state whether the predistortion is active, how the transmit power is normalized after applying P, whether perfect channel state information is assumed, how H_GF_DD is obtained by the LSMR-IC detector, or which SNR definition (e.g., E_b/N_0 versus E_s/N_0) is used. The paper also derives an MMSE receiver in Eq. (14) but reports BER with LSMR-IC, leaving the actual receiver chain unclear. These details are essential because the claimed gain over RW-OTFS depends on the modem being approximately transparent and on a consistent power-normalization rule across all compared techniques.
[Section III, before Eq. (7)] The claim that UFMC filtering of adjacent frequency-Doppler bins mitigates inter-Doppler interference requires a precise statement of how the interleaver orders the vector s_f = \Psi(I_N \otimes F_M)\Omega d. The paper never specifies whether a subband groups consecutive Doppler indices for a fixed frequency, consecutive frequencies for a fixed Doppler, or some other ordering. Without this, the physical mechanism by which subband filtering reduces Doppler leakage, as visualized in Fig. 6, cannot be checked, and the distinction from DR-UFMC's delay-domain filtering is not made rigorous.

minor comments (6)

[Abstract and Conclusion] The abstract says the technique achieves 'comparable BER performance' while Section IV reports up to 5 dB improvement over RW-OTFS; align the wording to avoid inconsistency.
[Eq. (10)] The expression for P is ambiguous because the scalar factor (1/Nsc)\sum_k |\tilde{s}_{f,0}[k]| appears without parentheses; rewrite the formula so the division and multiplication are unambiguous.
[Introduction] The sentence 'and we consider a scenario with ideal pulse shaping along the delay dimension' is grammatically incomplete and should be moved to Section IV with a precise statement of what ideal delay-domain pulse shaping means for each baseline.
[Section IV] The assertion that Zak OTFS and ODDM achieve the same BER as OTFS is made without a citation or supporting figure; either add a reference or qualify the statement.
[Abstract and Fig. 6] The 'Doppler spread reduction' mentioned in the abstract is not quantified; Fig. 6 is illustrative only, so provide a quantitative metric such as effective interference power or spread width if the claim is to be used as a headline result.
[Fig. 7] The text says only half of the subbands are activated, but does not explain how the per-subband sidelobes are computed or which window is used for RW-OTFS; clarify the procedure so the comparison is reproducible.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity was found; the SC-FDMA identity is re-derived in the paper and the central BER/OOB claims are validated by independent simulation against external baselines.

full rationale

The derivation chain is self-contained. The SC-FDMA-based OTFS representation is not merely imported from the authors' prior work [11]; Eqs. (2)-(3) re-derive it from the Cooley-Tukey factorization, and Eq. (6) constructs the equivalent delay-Doppler channel from the stated matrices. The UFMC predistortion in Eqs. (9)-(10) is calibrated from the modem's own all-ones response; this is a self-consistency design step, not a fit to the BER target or to any external benchmark, so it does not make the BER claim circular. The central claims (comparable BER, no error floor, up to about 5 dB gain over RW-OTFS, and OOB emissions below the 3GPP mask) are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation against independent baselines (RW-OTFS, DR-UFMC, OTFS, and Zak OTFS) and a standard spectral mask, rather than derived from the predistortion definition. Self-citations [9] and [11] are contextual; the load-bearing mathematical identity is re-derived in the paper, and the performance comparisons do not depend on those citations. Concerns about off-diagonal UFMC distortion and per-bin power imbalance from the all-ones calibration are correctness risks, not circularity, because the paper never defines the BER gain as the predistortion objective.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The design is built from standard math and established modulation blocks. The main hand-chosen inputs are the subband size and filter parameters. The most fragile structural assumption is that the all-ones predistortion equalizes UFMC for arbitrary data, which is not proven. No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (2)

UFMC subband size N_rb_sc = 4
Hand-chosen in Table I; controls the trade-off between OOB suppression and in-band interference. No sensitivity analysis is provided, yet the BER and PSD results depend on this value.
Chebyshev FIR filter length L_f^GF and coefficients = L_f^GF = MN/4 + 1 = 129 for M=64, N=8; exact coefficients not specified
Filter design is chosen by hand; OOB and BER results are conditional on this design, and no alternative filters or parameter sweeps are shown.

assumptions (6)

standard math Cooley-Tukey factorization F_MN = Psi(I_N tensor F_M)Omega(F_N tensor I_M) is valid for the chosen dimensions.
Used in Eq. (2) to rewrite the ZAK/IDFT OTFS implementation as SC-FDMA; standard result.
domain assumption SC-FDMA implementation derived in [11] correctly represents OTFS delay-Doppler modulation.
Section II builds GF-OTFS on the authors' earlier SC-FDMA representation (Eq. (3)); if this equivalence is wrong or only approximate, GF-OTFS does not inherit OTFS's delay-Doppler behavior.
domain assumption UFMC modem can be modeled as the linear matrix pair (T_u, R_u) with the given zero-padding and oversampled DFT.
Eqs. (7)-(9) define the UFMC modem; this follows [12] but the paper does not prove perfect reconstruction or that R_u T_u approximates identity.
ad hoc to paper Predistortion derived from an all-ones calibration signal compensates UFMC distortion for arbitrary QAM data.
Eq. (10) computes P by dividing all-ones by the all-ones response; this assumes the distortion is signal-independent and diagonal in the frequency-Doppler domain, which is not established.
domain assumption The interleaving Psi places frequency-Doppler bins so that adjacent bins correspond to neighboring Doppler/delay positions, making subband filtering mitigate IDI.
Section III states this property; the BER gains in Fig. 9 depend on this mapping being effective.
domain assumption Channel is LTV with known delay-tap gains h[j,i], and CP is unnecessary with UFMC zero-padding under L=5 TDL-C.
Eqs. (5), (12) and Table I; standard channel model, but the no-CP assumption with UFMC in a doubly-selective channel is an assumption.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Delay-Doppler Multiplexing With Global Filtering." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/3LRMZRX6

@misc{pith2026250113793,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Delay-Doppler Multiplexing With Global Filtering},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/3LRMZRX6}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2501.13793}
}

read the original abstract

This paper proposes a novel modulation technique called globally filtered orthogonal time frequency space (GF-OTFS) which integrates single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA)-based delay-Doppler representation with universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) modulation. Our proposed technique first arranges the frequency-Doppler bins of an orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) frame in adjacency using SC-FDMA and then applies universal filtering to the neighboring signals to mitigate inter-Doppler interference (IDI). By employing this approach, GF-OTFS achieves superior spectral containment and effectively mitigates interference caused by Doppler shifts in dynamic, time-varying channels. This paper also presents a detailed mathematical formulation of the proposed modulation technique. Furthermore, a comprehensive performance evaluation is conducted, comparing our GF-OTFS approach to state-of-the-art techniques, including Doppler-resilient UFMC (DR-UFMC) and receiver windowed OTFS (RW-OTFS). Key performance metrics, such as bit error rate (BER) and out-of-band (OOB) emissions, as well as the Doppler spread reduction are analyzed to assess the effectiveness of each approach. The results indicate that our proposed technique achieves comparable BER performance while significantly improving spectral containment.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2501.13793 by the authors.

**Figure 3.** SC-FDMA-based delay-Doppler demodulator. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_3.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** The proposed GF-OTFS modulator. of length Lcp ≥ L − 1 is added at the start of each OTFS frame to ensure inter-block interference-free communication, where L is the channel length. Thus, the transmit signal can be represented as xt = Acpst, (4) where Acp = [GT cp, I T MN ] T is the CP addition matrix where the Lcp × MN matrix Gcp is formed by taking the last Lcp rows of the identity matrix IMN . The signal then prop… view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (4 more)

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: The proposed GF-OTFS demodulator. Essentially, this filtering is applied across the entire OTFS frame on the frequency-Doppler domain, that is the reason behind the naming the proposed technique as GF-OTFS. As a result, the interference is reduced in both frequency (de…

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Sidelobes of individual subbands for the modulation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_7.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: PSD comparison of different multiplexing technique [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: BER performance of different multiplexing techniqu [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_9.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

22 extracted references · 17 canonical work pages

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doi arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed August 10, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [11]

SC-FDMA as a delay-Doppler dom ain modulation technique,

A. Farhang and M. Bayat, “SC-FDMA as a delay-Doppler dom ain modulation technique,” in IEEE Int. Conf. on Commun. W orkshops , 2024, pp. 69–74

2024

[2] [1]

Sensitivity to Doppler shift and carrier frequency errors in OFDM systems-the consequences and solu tions,

Y . Zhao and S.-G. Haggman, “Sensitivity to Doppler shift and carrier frequency errors in OFDM systems-the consequences and solu tions,” in IEEE V eh. Technol. Conf., vol. 3, 1996, pp. 1564–1568 vol.3

work page 1996

[3] [2]

Orthogonal time frequency spa ce modu- lation,

R. Hadani, S. Rakib, M. Tsatsanis, A. Monk, A. J. Goldsmit h, A. F. Molisch, and R. Calderbank, “Orthogonal time frequency spa ce modu- lation,” in IEEE Wireless Commun. and Netw. Conf. , 2017, pp. 1–6

work page 2017

[4] [3]

OTFS - predictability in the delay-Doppler domain and its v alue to communication and radar sensing,

S. K. Mohammed, R. Hadani, A. Chockalingam, and R. Calder bank, “OTFS - predictability in the delay-Doppler domain and its v alue to communication and radar sensing,” IEEE BITS the Inf. Theory Mag. , pp. 1–20, 2023

work page 2023

[5] [4]

Perf ormance analysis of coded OTFS systems over high-mobility channels ,

S. Li, J. Y uan, W. Y uan, Z. Wei, B. Bai, and D. W. K. Ng, “Perf ormance analysis of coded OTFS systems over high-mobility channels ,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun. , vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 6033–6048, 2021

work page 2021

[6] [5]

Orthogonal delay-Doppler division m ultiplexing modulation,

H. Lin and J. Y uan, “Orthogonal delay-Doppler division m ultiplexing modulation,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun. , vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 11 024–11 037, 2022

work page 2022

[7] [6]

Circularly pulse-shaped orthog onal time frequency space modulation,

S. Tiwari and S. S. Das, “Circularly pulse-shaped orthog onal time frequency space modulation,” IEEE Electron. Lett. , vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 157–160, 2020

work page 2020

[8] [7]

Desi gn and per- formance evaluation of FBMC-based orthogonal time–freque ncy space (OTFS) system,

S. M. Pishvaei, B. M. Tazehkand, and J. Pourrostam, “Desi gn and per- formance evaluation of FBMC-based orthogonal time–freque ncy space (OTFS) system,” Physical Commun. , vol. 53, p. 101723, 2022

work page 2022