Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 44 of 44 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.13949.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2501.13949 v1

Coverage vector

measured 44 of 44 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:34.875970Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

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Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

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A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

44 of 44 outbound references displayed

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External citation measurements

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Outbound references

Observation 0372e267-d4c9-405d-aaaf-3b6ab68c6270 · outbound

This paper cites Attention is All you Need.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Attention is All you Need

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.942268Z

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Observation c1e336c7-0d40-4c96-a41e-871b2d03b8d4 · outbound

This paper cites ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical considerations.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical considerations

Reference 2

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Observation 4e845169-a708-47cf-85b7-97e088f7d7b3 · outbound

This paper cites Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models

Reference 3

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Observation f9fd53e8-583c-42b4-a7f0-96674b13ecf8 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT in Ophthalmology: An Analysis of Its Successes and Shortcomings.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT in Ophthalmology: An Analysis of Its Successes and Shortcomings

Reference 4

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Observation 58c6e75e-7edd-4c39-b347-a70463f41e1a · outbound

This paper cites Benchmarking large language models’ performances for myopia care: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT- 4.0, and Google Bard.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Benchmarking large language models’ performances for myopia care: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT- 4.0, and Google Bard

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:33.816493Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 99eb85f4-0109-46b7-8ac9-7d8b43af3c8f · outbound

This paper cites Large language models and their impact in ophthalmology.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Large language models and their impact in ophthalmology

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.284934Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 48f0b880-bc1f-48c3-af5e-a097709199f1 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluation and mitigation of the limitations of large language models in clinical decision-making.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Evaluation and mitigation of the limitations of large language models in clinical decision-making

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:33.913266Z

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Observation 88a3a43c-2462-4374-a53a-85cd359d2619 · outbound

This paper cites Evolution of Future Medical AI Models — From Task- Specific, Disease-Centric to Universal Health.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Evolution of Future Medical AI Models — From Task- Specific, Disease-Centric to Universal Health

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.201604Z

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Observation 0e46de32-a351-4bb2-bfc3-dc2b74e995be · outbound

This paper cites Radiology-Llama2: Best-in-Class Large Language Model for Radiology.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Radiology-Llama2: Best-in-Class Large Language Model for Radiology

Reference 9

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Observation 44bed283-bac0-43a6-8d97-1fe74feb4792 · outbound

This paper cites Towards a general-purpose foundation model for computational pathology.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Towards a general-purpose foundation model for computational pathology

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:33.929891Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation fefac85c-dcaf-44d3-bab3-aac38f726158 · outbound

This paper cites Embracing Large Language Models for Medical Applications: Opportunities and Challenges.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Embracing Large Language Models for Medical Applications: Opportunities and Challenges

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.046021Z

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Observation 863dc621-6817-44a9-8226-0e6327bfbbd3 · outbound

This paper cites Assessing the usefulness of a large language model to query and summarize unstructured medical notes in intensive care.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Assessing the usefulness of a large language model to query and summarize unstructured medical notes in intensive care

Reference 12

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Observation 3d2bbbe5-f9d0-4c74-b8ce-16a771771b0c · outbound

This paper cites Utilizing Large Language Models to Simplify Radiology Reports: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT3.5, ChatGPT4.0, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Utilizing Large Language Models to Simplify Radiology Reports: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT3.5, ChatGPT4.0, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing

Reference 13

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:35.841934Z

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Observation beea7fc4-7663-4e64-8bb8-39a9b530f46e · outbound

This paper cites The effect of using a large language model to respond to patient messages.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study The effect of using a large language model to respond to patient messages

Reference 14

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:35.825494Z

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Observation 93c98f5c-39a5-4370-9f23-219e5b4c2c4d · outbound

This paper cites P717 Evaluating the performance of Large Language Models in responding to patients’ health queries: A comparative analysis with medical experts.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study P717 Evaluating the performance of Large Language Models in responding to patients’ health queries: A comparative analysis with medical experts

Reference 15

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:35.728627Z

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Observation b3d3691c-b490-4277-815d-8cb1f8a2b566 · outbound

This paper cites Integrated image-based deep learning and language models for primary diabetes care.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Integrated image-based deep learning and language models for primary diabetes care

Reference 16

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Observation a8c2a5d0-c42b-4d02-89b7-9eb67567af89 · outbound

This paper cites Large language models in medicine.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Large language models in medicine

Reference 17

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Observation 23909b7d-6398-4b45-b77b-2af228738936 · outbound

This paper cites Using Large Language Models to Generate Educational Materials on Childhood Glaucoma.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Using Large Language Models to Generate Educational Materials on Childhood Glaucoma

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:35.659766Z

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Observation 2d3fb690-0997-4d34-815f-ddba1f5f4648 · outbound

This paper cites Exploring AI-chatbots’ capability to suggest surgical planning in ophthalmology: ChatGPT versus Google Gemini analysis of retinal detachment cases.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Exploring AI-chatbots’ capability to suggest surgical planning in ophthalmology: ChatGPT versus Google Gemini analysis of retinal detachment cases

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:35.587524Z

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Observation cb7daa21-f3ee-4db9-bc2a-fe644d3285e2 · outbound

This paper cites Optimising vitrectomy operation note coding with machine learning.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Optimising vitrectomy operation note coding with machine learning

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:35.465189Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 64fe980f-3604-4d44-99d7-e42cffacb503 · outbound

This paper cites Predicting Glaucoma Before Onset Using a Large Language Model Chatbot.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Predicting Glaucoma Before Onset Using a Large Language Model Chatbot

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:35.436247Z

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Observation e755bb2a-16ad-401b-b351-55d444ab9917 · outbound

This paper cites Detecting hallucinations in large language models using semantic entropy.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Detecting hallucinations in large language models using semantic entropy

Reference 22

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This paper cites Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation

Reference 23

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Observation f1077445-447a-41f2-ba48-830a23f87f4b · outbound

This paper cites Popular large language model chatbots’ accuracy, comprehensiveness, and self-awareness in answering ocular symptom queries.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Popular large language model chatbots’ accuracy, comprehensiveness, and self-awareness in answering ocular symptom queries

Reference 24

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Observation 78355dbb-d6be-4b10-b5ec-d0cd50b51e8d · outbound

This paper cites Language Enhanced Model for Eye (LEME): An Open- Source Ophthalmology-Specific Large Language Model.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Language Enhanced Model for Eye (LEME): An Open- Source Ophthalmology-Specific Large Language Model

Reference 25

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Observation d6c069ff-e332-4b6e-9cf8-00afb1b4fd74 · outbound

This paper cites September 12, 2024.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study September 12, 2024

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.929258Z

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Observation fd216194-d530-46fc-8774-64e26b16343d · outbound

This paper cites Accessed November 25, 2024.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Accessed November 25, 2024

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.917415Z

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Observation 94187f24-88ea-400a-9e3a-36deb7396b54 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluation of OpenAI o1: Opportunities and Challenges of AGI.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Evaluation of OpenAI o1: Opportunities and Challenges of AGI

Reference 28

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Observation 1daeca81-2760-400b-97ce-5b27a7034a96 · outbound

This paper cites A Preliminary Study of o1 in Medicine: Are We Closer to an AI Doctor? arXiv preprint arXiv:240915277.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study A Preliminary Study of o1 in Medicine: Are We Closer to an AI Doctor? arXiv preprint arXiv:240915277

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.904737Z

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Observation 47d0cea9-dbef-4966-854a-5670385e56ae · outbound

This paper cites From Medprompt to o1: Exploration of Run-Time Strategies for Medical Challenge Problems and Beyond.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study From Medprompt to o1: Exploration of Run-Time Strategies for Medical Challenge Problems and Beyond

Reference 30

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Observation 6f4184ee-97c3-4269-8d80-5a37357c9a89 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Next-Generation Medical Agent: How o1 is Reshaping Decision-Making in Medical Scenarios.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Towards Next-Generation Medical Agent: How o1 is Reshaping Decision-Making in Medical Scenarios

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.889132Z

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This paper cites Medmcqa: A large-scale multi-subject multi- choice dataset for medical domain question answering.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Medmcqa: A large-scale multi-subject multi- choice dataset for medical domain question answering

Reference 32

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Observation 55e57ed9-8020-472c-9041-bc4acc91fb48 · outbound

This paper cites How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment

Reference 33

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This paper cites On the Relation between Sensitivity and Accuracy in In-context Learning.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study On the Relation between Sensitivity and Accuracy in In-context Learning

Reference 34

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This paper cites A Toolbox for Surfacing Health Equity Harms and Biases in Large Language Models.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study A Toolbox for Surfacing Health Equity Harms and Biases in Large Language Models

Reference 35

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Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study ROUGE: A Package for Automatic Evaluation of Summaries

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.864113Z

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Observation 21d4c036-1064-4870-ad51-a5e534d27316 · outbound

This paper cites BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT

Reference 37

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Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generation

Reference 38

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Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Meteor: an automatic metric for MT evaluation with high levels of correlation with human judgments

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T18:33:36.836222Z

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Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study AlignScore: Evaluating Factual Consistency with a Unified Alignment Function

Reference 40

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This paper cites Benchmarking large language models for biomedical natural language processing applications and recommendations.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Benchmarking large language models for biomedical natural language processing applications and recommendations

Reference 41

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Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study OphGLM: An ophthalmology large language-and- vision assistant

Reference 42

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Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 81

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Observation 70ced402-c9c5-42a7-a161-6b8c087b34f8 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Next-Generation Medical Agent: How o1 is Reshaping Decision-Making in Medical Scenarios.

Can OpenAI o1 Reason Well in Ophthalmology? A 6,990-Question Head-to-Head Evaluation Study Towards Next-Generation Medical Agent: How o1 is Reshaping Decision-Making in Medical Scenarios

Reference 2024

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Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.