Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education

As of 11 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 40 of 40 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.14305.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2501.14305 v1

Coverage vector

measured 40 of 40 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.995835Z

measured 40 of 40 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

40 of 40 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy19
unresolved19
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch1

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 1240aa9c-d07f-4c57-8374-7fa9ac4c1114 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.814586Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 56a2cdf4-d732-4450-8ea6-36cf1f5b028c · outbound

This paper cites In: Artificial Intelligence in Education: 21st International Conference, AIED 2020, Ifrane, Morocco, July 6–10, 2020, Proceedings, Part I 21.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: Artificial Intelligence in Education: 21st International Conference, AIED 2020, Ifrane, Morocco, July 6–10, 2020, Proceedings, Part I 21

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.608746Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 69c19872-70ef-4186-bc6f-f44b607e6b29 · outbound

This paper cites Advances in neural information processing systems33, 1877–1901 (2020).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Advances in neural information processing systems33, 1877–1901 (2020)

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.824806Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1a7405df-59a1-4284-85be-ee20cb6e6139 · outbound

This paper cites Proceed- ings of the Second Melbourne Computing Education Conventicle pp.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Proceed- ings of the Second Melbourne Computing Education Conventicle pp

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.584335Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation d7eb99df-2707-4844-a566-558c48719753 · outbound

This paper cites Leveraging Large Language Model and Story-Based Gamification in Intelligent Tutoring System to Scaffold Introductory Programming Courses: A Design-Based Research Study.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Leveraging Large Language Model and Story-Based Gamification in Intelligent Tutoring System to Scaffold Introductory Programming Courses: A Design-Based Research Study

Reference 5

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.196200Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation a7023ae8-2a54-41cd-b4a7-191234efe44a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.570494Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation dbe60f2d-3ded-4947-926a-63c730d14545 · outbound

This paper cites In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.556590Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation b7087329-af5c-42c5-9a6e-35ec6a518888 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Model as an Assignment Evaluator: Insights, Feedback, and Challenges in a 1000+ Student Course.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Large Language Model as an Assignment Evaluator: Insights, Feedback, and Challenges in a 1000+ Student Course

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.849846Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c0da771b-ff11-4ab9-9f92-f39eea76275c · outbound

This paper cites In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.542888Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 69bcc2f3-4248-4c20-98f2-7672ec1a6a9c · outbound

This paper cites Practical assessment, research & evaluation15(11), 1–12 (2010).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Practical assessment, research & evaluation15(11), 1–12 (2010)

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.529097Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation b287570e-e71f-4bca-9594-0f24e2ad7a93 · outbound

This paper cites BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.864357Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ca5eedf1-a0c1-4912-a8c7-5d14172f838f · outbound

This paper cites Yeung et al.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Yeung et al

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.514824Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 9eb16662-34e9-4044-9aa9-a868c786af92 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.873877Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09b9b82b-4bfc-4f9d-bf94-0f86435004bf · outbound

This paper cites The Journal of Technology, Learning and Assessment 8(6) (2010).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education The Journal of Technology, Learning and Assessment 8(6) (2010)

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.501323Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation c4daa222-55cc-4586-a28d-3805b6480698 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.487019Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 77de4a0c-5059-49ac-ab9e-fd55d78757b6 · outbound

This paper cites LLM-Rubric: A Multidimensional, Calibrated Approach to Automated Evaluation of Natural Language Texts.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education LLM-Rubric: A Multidimensional, Calibrated Approach to Automated Evaluation of Natural Language Texts

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.887535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b472d5b1-d134-435c-956c-207875b2842a · outbound

This paper cites In: Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (* SEM), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2013).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (* SEM), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2013)

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.472875Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 8fc40186-285a-4c2e-8b6f-e0f5a348697d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.458679Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 3ca89d10-3268-49b5-83ec-ca3bfc04b6f3 · outbound

This paper cites Communications of the ACM 3(10), 528–529 (1960).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Communications of the ACM 3(10), 528–529 (1960)

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.444202Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation c86956f6-e0f0-4c9c-acd6-02b6c2433824 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.430164Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 88cb5c54-70b1-4255-9dc5-7a74948b8886 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.416387Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation b20cc71d-7da8-48bd-bfa2-b470e0695c4b · outbound

This paper cites Can an AI-tool grade assignments in an introductory physics course?.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Can an AI-tool grade assignments in an introductory physics course?

Reference 22

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.116304Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 7d2df0f4-420b-4ffb-bcda-055fddfc66b4 · outbound

This paper cites System44, 66–78 (2014).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education System44, 66–78 (2014)

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.402333Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 22c5f509-7533-4785-9073-23e3fac6f96c · outbound

This paper cites In: 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st Interna- tional Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training (ICSE-SEET).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st Interna- tional Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training (ICSE-SEET)

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.388310Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation c1184e7d-0323-4efc-9354-04d3dd0e2b89 · outbound

This paper cites A large language model-assisted education tool to provide feedback on open-ended responses.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education A large language model-assisted education tool to provide feedback on open-ended responses

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.928481Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d0e4a697-951d-4667-a9bb-2e4bb981b9d1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.373897Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 234b8cbf-c884-4ba3-87d0-6e39d798048f · outbound

This paper cites Research Methods in Applied Linguistics2(2), 100050 (2023).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Research Methods in Applied Linguistics2(2), 100050 (2023)

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.359862Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation c95dab2e-f4b8-455e-a240-1b9e047703b1 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.345565Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 5916df3d-1f1d-443f-b6f8-ad547288f675 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.330891Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation c5c88578-d41d-4371-9109-78e126ef2ad5 · outbound

This paper cites OpenAI blog1(8), 9 (2019) Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education 15.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education OpenAI blog1(8), 9 (2019) Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education 15

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.316932Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation b52e8f32-59f8-414e-825a-883de49134e8 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 12th workshop on in- novative use of NLP for building educational applications.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: Proceedings of the 12th workshop on in- novative use of NLP for building educational applications

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.301090Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 56a657db-b4a5-4fab-8f5e-27de772a90f6 · outbound

This paper cites Language Testing38(2), 247–272 (2021).

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Language Testing38(2), 247–272 (2021)

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.285225Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation f618cf0b-ad58-4456-b753-0a3f0caddd18 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.270671Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 4fa3ee30-51ec-4f72-934f-f167a8f98dc4 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.968845Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90254fe6-f43a-4c26-8b37-664446cda37e · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Ed- ucation.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Ed- ucation

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.255129Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation ee0e04df-3224-45b9-88d7-9e8740437184 · outbound

This paper cites Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.977671Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ccf09623-1961-4bc0-b798-d4f863e82c55 · outbound

This paper cites Human-AI Collaborative Essay Scoring: A Dual-Process Framework with LLMs.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Human-AI Collaborative Essay Scoring: A Dual-Process Framework with LLMs

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.982385Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9acd40fc-fce4-4857-bdb6-813dff6fc3ef · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:06.986854Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4f8e9b23-977c-4b4c-b3aa-e53a46ca7a20 · outbound

This paper cites In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.240967Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 63130f85-87da-40bf-ac0c-6be9815ae478 · outbound

This paper cites – Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The median response for each question (Q1 to Q9) is greater than 3.

A Zero-Shot LLM Framework for Automatic Assignment Grading in Higher Education – Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The median response for each question (Q1 to Q9) is greater than 3

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T15:17:07.225790Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.