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Proposal of the KOTO II experiment

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-10 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read A proposed J-PARC experiment, KOTO II, would reach 5.6 sigma sensitivity on the ultra-rare kaon decay K_L to pi0 nu nubar, enough to observe it for the first time.

desk verdict Honest, detailed KOTO II proposal with a transparent 5.6σ projection, but the central background rejection factors—especially 1% halo KL→2γ—are not yet demonstrated and are contradicted by the paper's own prototype data. read the letter →

arxiv 2501.14827 v1 pith:S4W5U3SO submitted 2025-01-22 hep-ex physics.ins-det

Jung Keun Ahn , Antonella Antonelli , Giuseppina Anzivino , Emile Augustine , Laura Bandiera , Jianming Bian , Francesco Brizioli , Stefano De Capua
show 74 more authors
Gabriella Carini Veronika Chobanova Giancarlo D'Ambrosio John Bourke Dainton Babette Dőbrich John Fry Alberto Gianoli Alexander Glazov Mario Gonzalez Martin Gorbahn Evgueni Goudzovski Mei Homma Yee B. Hsiung Tomáš Husek David Hutchcroft Abhishek Iyer Roger William Lewis Jones Mai Katayama Yuto Kawata Eun-Joo Kim Chong Kim Takeshi Komatsubara Katsushige Kotera Michal Kreps Gianluca Lamanna Cristina Lazzeroni Samet Lezki GeiYoub Lim Sanghoon Lim Chieh Lin Farvah Mahmoudi Victoria Martin Karim Massri Toru Matsumura Luigi Montalto Matthew Moulson Hajime Nanjo Matthew Needham Siavash Neshatpour Tadashi Nomura Daiki Ogawa Keita Ono Monica Pepe Letizia Peruzzo Jacopo Pinzino Dan Protopopescu Claire Prouve Thomas Reddel Joseph Redeker Daniele Rinaldi Marco Romagnoni Angela Romano Armine Rostomyan Jack Sanders Diego Martínez Santos Ivano Sarra Artur Shaikhiev Koji Shiomi Ryota Shiraishi Mattia Soldani Marco Sozzi Benjamin Stillwell Yi-Ting Su Joel Swallow Yasuhisa Tajima Adam Tomczak Yu-Chen Tung Yau Wah Rainer Wanke Hiroaki Watanabe John Wendel Tong Wu Maresa Wynd Guang Yang
This is my paper · ORCID
classification hep-exphysics.ins-det
keywords K_Ltopi0nunubarrarekaondecayJ-PARCKOTOIIflavorphysicsCPviolationnewsearchneutralbeamline
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This proposal argues that a next-generation experiment at J-PARC, KOTO II, can finally observe the Standard-Model decay $K_L\to\pi^0\nu\bar{\nu}$ and measure its branching ratio, which current experiments can only bound. The central projection is a single-event sensitivity of $8.5\times10^{-13}$, about 35 times below the Standard Model prediction of about $3\times10^{-11}$, yielding roughly 35 signal events against 40 background events in $3\times10^7$ seconds at 100 kW. That would amount to a $5.6\sigma$ observation of the Standard Model decay and would also expose a 40-percent new-physics deviation in the branching ratio at 90-percent confidence. The decay is a theoretically clean flavor-changing neutral current, so a measurement would serve as a durable standard candle for beyond-Standard-Model flavor theories. A sympathetic reader would care because KOTO II is positioned as the only dedicated facility for the golden kaon modes after the CERN kaon program ends.

What carries the argument

The argument is carried by the 5-degree production angle and the new beamline geometry: a T2 target near the beam dump produces $K_L$ with a harder momentum spectrum peaking near 3 GeV/c rather than 1.4 GeV/c, raising the $K_L$ flux by a factor of 2.6 per proton on target while the forward boost keeps the two photons from $\pi^0$ decay inside the 20-meter decay volume and the 3-meter calorimeter. The detector uses the same reconstruction concept as KOTO: two photon clusters in the calorimeter, a vertex on the beam axis from the nominal $\pi^0$ mass hypothesis, and a transverse-momentum requirement that selects the signal. Backgrounds are controlled by hermetic photon and charged-particle vetoes, plus three assumed suppression factors: halo $K_L\to2\gamma$ reduced to 1 percent of its original level by photon angle-of-incidence information, hadron-cluster backgrounds reduced by $10^{-7}$ using cluster-shape, pulse-shape, and shower-depth information, and charged kaons reduced to 10 percent of their original flux by a second sweeping magnet.

What would settle it

Measure the charged-kaon-to-$K_L$ flux ratio at the end of the proposed K_L2 beamline with the second sweeping magnet operating; if the ratio exceeds roughly $1.1\times10^{-6}$ rather than the assumed 10 percent of the pre-magnet value, the $K^\pm\to\pi^0 e^\pm\nu$ background alone would grow from 4.0 events to well above 10 events, eroding the $5.6\sigma$ claim.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that a new beamline extracting long-lived neutral kaons at 5 degrees from a production target, combined with a larger 3-meter-diameter calorimeter and hermetic veto system, gives KOTO II a single-event sensitivity of $8.5\times10^{-13}$. For the Standard Model branching ratio of about $3\times10^{-11}$, the experiment expects $35.3\pm0.4$ signal events and $40\pm2.7$ background events, corresponding to a signal-to-background ratio of 0.89 and an observation significance of $5.6\sigma$. The proposal also claims this measurement would determine the branching ratio to about 25 percent precision, the CP-violating CKM parameter $\eta$ to 12 percent, and would indicate new physics at 90-percent confidence if the branching ratio deviates by 40 percent from the Standard Model prediction.

Load-bearing premise

The background count of 40 events rests on three assumed suppression factors: halo $K_L\to2\gamma$ reduced to 1 percent of its original level, hadron-cluster backgrounds reduced by $10^{-7}$, and charged kaons cut to 10 percent by a second sweeping magnet; if any of these is several times worse, the projected $5.6\sigma$ significance drops below $5\sigma$.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • KOTO II would provide the first observation of the Standard Model decay $K_L\to\pi^0\nu\bar{\nu}$ with a significance exceeding $5\sigma$.
  • The measurement would determine the branching ratio to roughly 25 percent and the CKM parameter $\eta$ to 12 percent, sharpening tests of the Standard Model flavor sector.
  • A 40-percent deviation of the branching ratio from the Standard Model prediction would be visible at 90-percent confidence, providing a model-independent probe of new physics at mass scales beyond direct LHC reach.
  • Combined with the charged-mode $K^+\to\pi^+\nu\bar{\nu}$ measurement and the proposed second phase measuring $K_L\to\pi^0\ell^+\ell^-$, KOTO II would give a comprehensive test of flavor dynamics and lepton-flavor universality.
  • The same detector and beamline would enable searches for dark photons, axion-like particles, and other rare $K_L$ decays, extending the physics reach beyond the golden channel.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the 5-degree beamline is built, the facility could also be operated in a beam-dump mode to search for feebly interacting particles; the proposal mentions dark photons and axion-like particles but does not quantify the beam-dump sensitivity, so that reach is an open extension of the design.
  • The 1-percent residual halo-$K_L$ background relies on a photon angle resolution near 1.3 degrees at 1 GeV from a finely segmented pre-shower; the paper reports a prototype whose data are 30 to 40 percent worse than simulation, so the viability of that suppression factor hinges on the ongoing prototype analysis.
  • The background budget is dominated by $K_L\to\pi^0\pi^0$ at 16.9 events, a component that the paper shows is nearly unchanged when the calorimeter is replaced by KLOE- or KOPIO-style sampling calorimeters; this suggests the discovery reach is less sensitive to calorimeter technology than to the three assumed suppression factors.
  • A direct measurement of the charged-kaon-to-$K_L$ ratio at the end of the beamline with the second sweeping magnet would provide an early, decisive check on the $K^\pm\to\pi^0 e^\pm\nu$ background estimate.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. This proposal presents the physics case, beamline design, detector concept, and a complete sensitivity/background estimate for KOTO II, a next-generation experiment at J-PARC to measure K_L → π0 ν νbar. With a 5-degree production angle, a 43-m beamline, a 3-m-diameter calorimeter, and a 20-m decay region, the authors project a single-event sensitivity of 8.5×10^-13, 35 expected signal events for the SM branching ratio of 3×10^-11, and 40 background events after 3×10^7 s at 100 kW, corresponding to a 5.6σ significance (Section 6.6, Table 8). The paper also outlines a second phase for K_L → π0 ℓ+ℓ- and searches for dark photons and axion-like particles.

Significance. If the projected sensitivity is realistic, KOTO II would be the first experiment capable of discovering K_L → π0 ν νbar at the SM rate and would provide a powerful probe of new physics in the kaon sector. The strength of the manuscript is its transparent, forward Monte Carlo approach: every selection cut, veto window, detector inefficiency, and accidental-loss model is specified, and the signal yield in Section 6.4.5 follows arithmetically from the stated inputs. The use of measured KOTO detector performances as calibration is appropriate and not circular. However, the central 5.6σ claim rests on several assumed suppression factors that are not yet validated; most critically, the halo-K_L→2γ rejection factor of 1% (Section 6.5.4) is contradicted by the prototype measurement in Section 7.1, which shows angular resolution worse than simulation by 30–40%. A 10× worse halo-K_L rejection would lower the expected significance to ~3.8σ, so the headline sensitivity is not yet robust.

major comments (3)
  1. [6.5.4 and 7.1] The halo-K_L→2γ background estimate of 4.8 events in Section 6.5.4 assumes a rejection factor of 1%, while the text states that KOTO achieves only a 10% reduction with 90% signal efficiency, and the justification relies on better angular resolution for higher-energy photons. The feasibility study in Section 7.1 reports that the PAScal pre-shower prototype measures an angular resolution 30–40% worse than simulation, with the reason still under study. Because the 5.6σ significance in Section 6.6 scales as S/√B with B = 40, a 10% rejection factor would increase this background to roughly 48 events and reduce the significance to about 3.8σ; even a 3% rejection gives B ≈ 50 and Z ≈ 5.0. The discovery claim therefore rests on an unvalidated order-of-magnitude improvement that the paper's own prototype data currently contradict. Please provide a quantitative relation between angular resolution and the rejection factor, or present the sensitivity projection as a function of the achievable rejection.
  2. [6.5.5 and 4.1.1] The K± → π0e±ν background of 4.0 events in Section 6.5.5 assumes that the second sweeping magnet reduces the charged-kaon flux to 10% of its original value. However, Section 4.1.1 reports that the simulation with a 2-T, 1.5-m sweeping magnet yields R(K±/KL) < 1.1×10^-6 starting from 4.1×10^-6, i.e., a reduction to about 27% (an upper limit limited by simulation statistics). Using 27% rather than 10% would increase this background to roughly 10.8 events, further lowering the expected significance. The 10% assumption should be justified with a dedicated simulation or by quoting a sensitivity with a range for the residual charged-kaon flux.
  3. [6.5.6] The hadron-cluster background of 3.0 events assumes a total reduction factor of 10^-7, obtained by multiplying the KOTO-measured factors (2.5±0.01)×10^-6 and 2.1×10^-2. While the multiplication is plausible if the correlations are small, the combined rejection is an extrapolation to the new 50-cm CsI calorimeter and has not been demonstrated in a prototype. The paper notes that 'This reduction power is one of the requirements on the calorimeter design,' but does not quantify the systematic uncertainty arising from the correlation or from the extrapolation. Please either provide supporting evidence for the 10^-7 factor or treat it as a central value with an assigned uncertainty in the background budget and in the significance.
minor comments (4)
  1. [5.4.1] The energy and position resolution formulas contain a garbled 'p' symbol; they should read σE/E = 1% ⊕ 2%/√E and σx = 5 mm/√E to be consistent with the text and Figure 19.
  2. [6.3 and 6.4.2] The notation '0.93 = 0.73' in cut 10 of Section 6.3 and '0.94 = 66%' in Section 6.4.2 should be written as 0.9^3 ≈ 0.73 and 0.9^4 ≈ 0.66, respectively.
  3. [6.5.9 and 6.5.8] In Table 7 the row labelled 'η at downstream' is inconsistent with the text of Section 6.5.8, which describes 'η production at the Charged Veto Counter'; the table label should match the section title.
  4. [6.2] In Section 6.2, 'the the π0 transverse momentum' contains a duplicate article; please correct the typo.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the projected sensitivity is a forward Monte Carlo calculation using measured KOTO detector performance and explicitly stated design assumptions.

full rationale

The central sensitivity estimate is a forward simulation, not a fit to the target branching ratio. The expected signal yield S=35 is computed from the assumed beam power and running time, the simulated KL flux, decay probability, geometrical and cut acceptances, accidental and backsplash losses, and the Standard Model branching fraction of 3e-11. The background total B=40 is the sum of independently simulated channels, each using measured KOTO detector inefficiencies, veto counter performances, and beam-line Monte Carlo samples. The suppression factors that the skeptical reader identifies as weak assumptions, such as the 1% halo-KL->2gamma reduction, the 1e-7 hadron cluster reduction, and the 10% charged-kaon flux after the second sweeping magnet, are presented in the text as assumptions or design requirements, explicitly flagged with phrases like 'Further studies are in progress' and 'This reduction power is one of the requirements on the calorimeter design.' They are not parameters adjusted to make the 5.6-sigma claim come out; the paper quotes them before presenting the final significance, and it reports prototype measurements showing a 30-40% worse angular resolution as a feasibility concern rather than hiding it. The cited KOTO measurements are independent experimental calibrations of detector performance, not the conclusion of the proposal. No equation in the paper defines the predicted significance in terms of itself, and no fitted parameter is relabeled as a prediction. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained in the relevant sense: the 5.6-sigma projection could fail if the assumed background suppression proves unachievable, but that is a sensitivity risk, not circular reasoning.

Assumptions & free parameters 6 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No new particles, forces, or conserved quantities are introduced; new detector components are engineering artifacts, not entities. The free parameters are background suppression factors and run conditions chosen by hand, which directly control the projected sensitivity.

free parameters (6)
  • Halo KL to 2 gamma background rejection factor = 1e-2
    Assumed in Sec. 6.5.4 based on improved photon angle resolution; explicitly noted 'Further studies are in progress'. Directly scales one of the dominant backgrounds (4.8 events).
  • Hadron cluster background rejection factor = 1e-7
    Extrapolated in Sec. 6.5.6 from KOTO cluster/pulse-shape performance (2.5e-6 x 2.1e-2) with 90% efficiency; stated as a requirement on the calorimeter design.
  • Charged kaon flux reduction by second sweeping magnet = 0.10
    Assumed in Sec. 6.5.5; reduces K± to pi0 e± nu background to 4.0 events. No simulation of the magnet configuration is shown.
  • Running time and beam power = 3e7 s at 100 kW
    Assumed running conditions (Table 4) with 2-s spill every 4.2 s; sensitivity scales linearly with these.
  • Beam hole photon veto threshold = 5.5 photoelectrons
    Chosen in Sec. 5.4.3 as default; determines BHPV inefficiency and 35.2 MHz counter rate, hence 19% accidental loss.
  • Veto window widths = 40/30/6/20 ns
    Set by hand in Sec. 6.4.3; accidental loss of 39% depends on these values.
assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption SM branching ratio BR(K_L to pi0 nu nu) = (2.94±0.15)e-11 taken from literature (Ref [4])
    Used as the normalization for the signal yield and significance; theory input from prior work.
  • domain assumption The GEANT3-based target/beam simulation is conservative; G4 and FLUKA agree within 30%
    Adopted in Sec. 4.1 to set the KL flux of 1.1e7 per 2e13 POT.
  • domain assumption KOTO-measured detector performances (charged veto inefficiency 1e-5, TGC 5e-3, BHPV design) transfer to the new larger detector
    Used in Sec. 5.4.3 to set veto inefficiencies; the new detector geometry differs.
  • standard math Standard Model and isospin relations (Grossman-Nir bound) as physics motivation
    Motivational context in Sec. 1.1.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Proposal of the KOTO II experiment." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/S4W5U3SO

@misc{pith2026250114827,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Proposal of the KOTO II experiment},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/S4W5U3SO}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2501.14827}
}
abstract

The KOTO II experiment is proposed to measure the branching ratio of the decay $K_L\to\pi^0\nu\bar{\nu}$ at J-PARC. With a beamline to extract long-lived neutral kaons at 5 degrees from a production target, the single event sensitivity of the decay is $8.5\times 10^{-13}$, which is much smaller than the Standard Model prediction $3\times 10^{-11}$. This allows searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model and the first discovery of the decay with a significance exceeding $5\sigma$. As the only experiment proposed in the world dedicated to rare kaon decays, KOTO II will be indispensable in the quest for a complete understanding of flavor dynamics in the quark sector. Moreover, by combining efforts from the kaon community worldwide, we plan to develop the KOTO II detector further and expand the physics reach of the experiment to include measurements of the branching ratio of the $K_L\to\pi^0\ell^+\ell^-$ decays, studies of other $K_L$ decays, and searches for dark photons, axions, and axion-like particles. KOTO II will therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of $K_L$ decays, providing further constraints on new physics scenarios with existing $K^+$ results.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2501.14827 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Feynman diagrams for the KL → π 0 νν decay in the Standard Model. The rare kaon decays investigated by KOTO II offer the possibility to search for BSM physics with a global fit technique, for example, in the context of lepton-flavor universality (LFU) tests. In the SM, the three lepton flavors (e, µ, and τ ) have exactly the same gauge interactions and are distinguished only through their couplings to the Higgs fiel… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Correlation between BR(KL → π 0 νν) and BR(K+ → π +νν) for various new physics models. The blue region shows the correlation coming from the constraint by the K-K mixing parameter ϵK if only left-handed or right-handed couplings are present. The green region shows the correlation for models having a CKM-like structure of flavor interactions. The red region shows the lack of correlation for models with general left￾h… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. BSM parameter space for Wilson coefficients in scenarios with LFU violation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (60 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Correlation between B+ → K+νν¯ and KL → π 0 νν¯ decay rates (normalized to their SM expected values) in several NP scenarios [9]. The red areas denote the parameter regions favored at 1σ and 2σ from a global fit in the limit of minimal U(2)q breaking. Dashed and dotted…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: shows the evolution of the experimental search for the KL → π 0 νν decay. Starting from the re-analysis of the early KL → 2π 0 experiment [22], initial searches were 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Publication year −12 10 −11 10 −10 10 −9 10 −8 10 −7 10 −6…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Simulated KL and neutron yields (left) and their ratio (right) as functions of the production angle [36]. The yields were evaluated at 1 m downstream of the target, normalized by the solid angle (µstr). Black, red, and blue points indicate the results when selecting ne…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Schematic drawing of the KL beam line for the KOTO experiment in the current Hadron Experimental Facility. to realize the 5-degree production while keeping the solid angle of the neutral beam as large as possible, i.e., with the shortest beam line, a new experimental a…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Schematic drawing of the KOTO II beam line in the Extended Hadron Ex [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: (left). The resultant KL fluxes were found to agree with each other to within 30%. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Momentum (GeV/c) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 G4 QGSP_BERT G4 FTFP_BERT G3 GFLUKA FLUKA KL spectrum 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Momentum (GeV/c) 0 500 1000 150…
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Simulated neutron (left) and photon (right) spectra at the exit of the beam [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Beam shape at the downstream endcap plane, represented by the neutron [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_12.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Illustration of the side cross-sectional view of the current beam dump of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_13.png]
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Vertical position dependence of the muon flux at the observing hole. Black [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Event display when 100 muons are generated from the location of the observing [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_15.png]
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: The KOTO detector. The beam enters from the left. Detector components [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_16.png]
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Conceptual KOTO II detector. The upstream edge of the Front Barrel Counter [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_17.png]
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: (a) 3D cutaway view of a model for the base detector design. (b) Plane [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_18.png]
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Energy (left) and position (right) resolutions for the central region of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_19.png]
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: Model for fusion probability as a function of the distance between two photons [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_20.png]
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: Model for photon inefficiency for the calorimeter. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_21.png]
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: Photon inefficiency of the Barrel Counter for photons incident at angles of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_22.png]
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: Photon inefficiency of the Beam Hole Counter. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_23.png]
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: Assumed timing resolution of the Central Barrel Detector. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_24.png]
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: Geometrical relation in the vertex reconstruction. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_25.png]
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: The shaded area shows the pT criteria in the zvtx-pT plane. The blue dotted line shows the tighter pT criteria in the downstream region. 6.4 Signal yield The KL → π 0 νν yield can be factorized into the decay probability within the z region from 3 m to 15 m, the geome…
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: The overall acceptance after applying all of these cuts is 40%. The distributions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_28.png]
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: Decay probability (a) and geometrical acceptance (b). [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_27.png]
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: Cut acceptance. The black numbers in the figure show cumulative acceptances, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_28.png]
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Distributions of variables used in the event selections: (a) sum of two photon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p037_29.png]
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Expected hit rate for the KOTO-II beam-hole charged-particle veto counter [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_30.png]
Figure 31
Figure 31. Figure 31: Expected hit rate for the beam-hole photon-veto counter for KOTO II. His [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_31.png]
Figure 32
Figure 32. Figure 32: Configurations of barrel hits. veto window is shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_32.png]
Figure 33
Figure 33. Figure 33: Distributions of the arrival time on the barrel of particles from shower leak [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_33.png]
Figure 34
Figure 34. Figure 34: Arrival time of backsplash particles on the Central Barrel Counter as a function [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_34.png]
Figure 35
Figure 35. Figure 35: Distribution of KL → π 0 νν events in the zvtx-pT plane for for a running time of 3 × 107 s. All cuts except for the pT and zvtx cuts are applied [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_35.png]
Figure 36
Figure 36. Figure 36: Distribution of KL → π 0π 0 background events in the zvtx-pT plane for a running time of 3 × 107 s. All cuts except for those on pT and zvtx are applied. correlation between tBarrelVeto and position of incidence in z on the barrel, with all cuts imposed. Time smearing…
Figure 37
Figure 37. Figure 37: Correlations between tBarrelVeto and the position of incidence in z (a), and between tBarrelVeto and the energy of the incident photon (b), for photons from KL → π 0π 0 arriving on the barrel, with all cuts imposed and time smearing with timing resolution depending on…
Figure 38
Figure 38. Figure 38: Distribution of KL → π +π −π 0 background events in the zvtx-pT plane for a running time of 3 × 107 s. All cuts except for those on pT and zvtx are applied. 6.5.4 KL → 2γ for halo KL KLs in the beam can scatter off of the beam line components and enter the beam halo r…
Figure 39
Figure 39. Figure 39: Distribution of Ke3 background events in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_39.png]
Figure 40
Figure 40. Figure 40: Distribution of halo KL → 2γ background events in the zvtx-pT plane for a running time of 3 × 107 s. All cuts other than the pT and zvtx cuts are applied. 6.5.5 K± → π 0 e ±ν K±s are generated in the interaction of KLs, neutrons, or π ±s in the collimator in the beam …
Figure 41
Figure 41. Figure 41: Distribution of K± → π 0 e ±ν events in the zvtx-pT plane for a running time of 3 × 107 s. All cuts except for the pT and zvtx cuts are applied. The veto timing of the barrel detector is essential also for reduction of this background [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fi…
Figure 42
Figure 42. Figure 42: shows the correlation between the barrel hit-z-position and tBarrelVeto for K± events. The lower momentum electrons or positrons contribute to the events with larger tBarrelVeto due to the backward-going configuration similarly to KL → π 0π 0 . Unlike for photons, the…
Figure 43
Figure 43. Figure 43: Distribution of hadron cluster background events in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p048_43.png]
Figure 44
Figure 44. Figure 44: Distribution of background events from π 0 production at the Upstream Collar Counter in the zvtx-pT plane for a running time of 3 × 107 s. All cuts other than the pT and zvtx cuts are applied. 6.5.8 η production at the Charged Veto Counter This background arises when …
Figure 45
Figure 45. Figure 45: Distribution of background events from η production at the Charged Veto Counter in the zvtx-pT plane for a running time of 3 × 107 s. All cuts other than the pT and zvtx cuts are applied [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_45.png]
Figure 46
Figure 46. Figure 46: shows how to separate the halo KL → 2γ decay from the KL → π 0 νν¯ decay if we can measure the incident angle of photons in the calorimeter. The vertex of the halo KL decay is obtained incorrectly, resulting in wrong incident angles of the photons (left plot). When we…
Figure 47
Figure 47. Figure 47: A toy model to study the feasibility of measuring photon-angle with finely [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_47.png]
Figure 48
Figure 48. Figure 48: Left: A photo of the pre-shower detector(indicated as PAScal) installed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_48.png]
Figure 49
Figure 49. Figure 49: (left) A commercial B4C sheet with 0.1 mm thickness. (right) A prototype detector for validation of the effect of B4C Mylar sheet. A acrylic light guide and a 5 inch PMT is optically attached to the top of scintillator surface (not shown in the figure). By injecting a…
Figure 51
Figure 51. Figure 51: The thickness of lead and aerogel sheets is changed according to the location [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p056_51.png]
Figure 50
Figure 50. Figure 50: Structure of a module for the beam-hole photon-veto counter in KOTO step-1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p056_50.png]
Figure 51
Figure 51. Figure 51: Configurations of the modules of the beam-hole photon-veto counter. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p057_51.png]
Figure 52
Figure 52. Figure 52: Hit rate of each module and counter (consecutive three-module coincidence) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p057_52.png]
Figure 53
Figure 53. Figure 53: (a)Expected average anode-current for each PMT with the gain of 10 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p058_53.png]
Figure 54
Figure 54. Figure 54: Ten expected waveforms are overlaid in each panel. Two vertical lines indicate [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p058_54.png]
Figure 55
Figure 55. Figure 55: Estimated acceptance for KL → π 0 e +e − decays in percent versus barrel instrumentation (z = 0 is at the surface of the main calorimeter). Other technological silicon options can be considered. Thinner silicon sensors (50 µm thickness corresponding to 0.054% X0) such…
Figure 56
Figure 56. Figure 56: Upstream Charged Veto (UCV) in KOTO. (a) First version with 0.5-mm [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p062_56.png]
Figure 57
Figure 57. Figure 57: Vacuum tank under design. 63 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p063_57.png]
Figure 58
Figure 58. Figure 58: Prototype of a 14-bit 500-MHz digitizer for the KOTO II experiment. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p064_58.png]
Figure 59
Figure 59. Figure 59: Pulse shape demonstration of a 125-MHz digitizer for KOTO (left plot) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p065_59.png]
Figure 60
Figure 60. Figure 60: Timing deviation due to an overlapped pulse versus the probability. This [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p065_60.png]
Figure 61
Figure 61. Figure 61: Schematics of the KOTO II DAQ system. The trigger system is categorized into two parts: electronics-based triggers and PC￾based triggers. • Electronics-based Trigger. The level-1 trigger is determined based on the energy sum of the calorimeter (total energy, ET), the …

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