Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation

As of 17 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 45 of 45 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2502.02908.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2502.02908 v1

Coverage vector

measured 45 of 45 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.542633Z

measured 46 of 46 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T10:51:04.507885Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

45 of 45 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy37
unresolved8
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 5dddda6e-55b3-4b1c-a406-fc89b864df80 · outbound

This paper cites Large language models for software engineering: Survey and open problems,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Large language models for software engineering: Survey and open problems,

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.439480Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 6083fb32-8550-4eda-b0e3-5fe6bf424e92 · outbound

This paper cites Attention is all you need,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Attention is all you need,

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.341025Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0f789449-9e96-40d8-a007-c428a268c261 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models,

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.413231Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 78870803-f15b-4bad-95cb-19ca3a85f082 · outbound

This paper cites Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.350204Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation aa0e1c83-8901-4a45-854b-be6ec780da3c · outbound

This paper cites React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models,

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.397495Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation c0983208-de61-423b-8952-6eace75c04a1 · outbound

This paper cites Towards autonomous testing agents via conversational large language models,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Towards autonomous testing agents via conversational large language models,

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.382412Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 063ebcf7-4076-4586-b774-14828cc7532f · outbound

This paper cites Repairagent: An autonomous, llm-based agent for program repair,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Repairagent: An autonomous, llm-based agent for program repair,

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.366535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 1a56a04f-a483-4134-8872-1f7bf52612d4 · outbound

This paper cites Intent-driven mobile gui testing with autonomous large language model agents,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Intent-driven mobile gui testing with autonomous large language model agents,

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.351624Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 666faa8a-0e55-45c6-b323-5226aa97b380 · outbound

This paper cites Energy and policy consid- erations for deep learning in NLP,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Energy and policy consid- erations for deep learning in NLP,

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.336205Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation f508738d-2dc5-479f-b289-a253802b7b7f · outbound

This paper cites Risks and benefits of large language models for the environment,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Risks and benefits of large language models for the environment,

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.320913Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 92c12e8c-dee1-4814-a654-115042e20a79 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation The Llama 3 Herd of Models,

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.305260Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d3baca37-abc3-4b4f-858b-0683541e267e · outbound

This paper cites Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size,

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.289499Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 82e6814d-a467-4acf-94b4-78095f496feb · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5- Coder Technical Report,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Qwen2.5- Coder Technical Report,

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.274396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 1e460e9a-6cac-4277-a359-b119b7fdac35 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.398645Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f3d548cf-923d-41ea-8468-f0f35224bbd8 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating diverse large language models for automatic and general bug reproduction,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Evaluating diverse large language models for automatic and general bug reproduction,

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.259535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 907e6aba-8b25-4b67-afa8-1bf320892586 · outbound

This paper cites Better patching using llm prompting, via self-consistency,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Better patching using llm prompting, via self-consistency,

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.243687Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 0598a8c4-8054-4b36-b460-cef77c1e2752 · outbound

This paper cites A Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of LLM-Based Explainable Fault Localization,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation A Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of LLM-Based Explainable Fault Localization,

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.225580Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation a76029c3-8b1b-4be4-a40f-c0fc2db76763 · outbound

This paper cites Defects4j: A database of existing faults to enable controlled testing studies for java programs,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Defects4j: A database of existing faults to enable controlled testing studies for java programs,

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.203836Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 2560294a-952c-4aff-af4b-7926d7a7a0ed · outbound

This paper cites Differential evolution-a simple and efficient adaptive scheme for global optimization over continuous spaces,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Differential evolution-a simple and efficient adaptive scheme for global optimization over continuous spaces,

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.085297Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 34eb379c-6fdb-4dd0-8849-c02e84b755f0 · outbound

This paper cites Differential evolution: A survey of the state-of-the-art,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Differential evolution: A survey of the state-of-the-art,

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.067643Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9ab4852f-0714-42f6-b4aa-121f9eaa34e9 · outbound

This paper cites Arachne: Search-based repair of deep neural networks,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Arachne: Search-based repair of deep neural networks,

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.049123Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation bf18ddc3-5084-4f8c-a433-5e2580710d99 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring and Improving the Energy Efficiency of Large Language Models Inference,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Measuring and Improving the Energy Efficiency of Large Language Models Inference,

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.031264Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9d4d3e88-0744-4c7a-bda3-60b3506dba60 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:44.011143Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d9d3e17f-5adb-41d3-aff9-026ac0969c50 · outbound

This paper cites Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code,

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.991490Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation bc94bac7-9b2a-4eff-8011-bf08a5a49c91 · outbound

This paper cites Granite 3.0 Language Mod- els.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Granite 3.0 Language Mod- els

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.973103Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 43a0a99d-6895-41de-9260-0cbbcb8abc3a · outbound

This paper cites Mistral NeMo.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Mistral NeMo

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.955026Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 48eb5669-6913-401e-99db-4b548ba94f0b · outbound

This paper cites A practical guide for using statistical tests to assess randomized algorithms in software engineering,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation A practical guide for using statistical tests to assess randomized algorithms in software engineering,

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.937156Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 254ef70d-0578-4126-95f7-8977b776edc2 · outbound

This paper cites cloc: v1.92,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation cloc: v1.92,

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.918018Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation a051b7d5-544e-4657-94a8-7b25fb27060b · outbound

This paper cites DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy,

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.469345Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0d1dd956-d665-46e4-8c1f-8466c4e5307f · outbound

This paper cites On the usage of differential evolution for function optimiza- tion,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation On the usage of differential evolution for function optimiza- tion,

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.887755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 0eb0a6df-1164-4993-8b0d-9db3bd28bf5c · outbound

This paper cites Nvidia system management interface,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Nvidia system management interface,

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.869361Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 6639ba03-1c3a-45eb-8d8b-bb8f8c0b97c7 · outbound

This paper cites Ollama gets stuck in an infinite loop sometimes and has to be restarted · Issue #2805 · ollama/ollama.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Ollama gets stuck in an infinite loop sometimes and has to be restarted · Issue #2805 · ollama/ollama

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.849403Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 6422ccc8-4ab3-4188-bdb7-89e1eae396ae · outbound

This paper cites Mixture-of-experts with expert choice routing,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Mixture-of-experts with expert choice routing,

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.829055Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 50bb8f4b-bbbd-4204-ab9b-2a89d44d3b8d · outbound

This paper cites RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Data.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Data

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.492005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fc98d788-8b36-42c7-a4c7-ad99c46bcb3f · outbound

This paper cites Learning to Decode Collaboratively with Multiple Language Models.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Learning to Decode Collaboratively with Multiple Language Models

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.496424Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 259c5eb0-c7fd-43f7-8766-b1e7b0f34ca7 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models in Fault Localisation,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Large Language Models in Fault Localisation,

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.808881Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation e65ff674-66ed-4238-a25f-a4afbddd11a9 · outbound

This paper cites Demystifying Faulty Code: Step-by-Step Reasoning for Explainable Fault Localization,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Demystifying Faulty Code: Step-by-Step Reasoning for Explainable Fault Localization,

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.789360Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation cf5f797d-880d-41ac-bc3a-db5ae9cf1969 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models for Test-Free Fault Localization,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Large Language Models for Test-Free Fault Localization,

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.772180Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation a41120d5-46f5-4e1a-ad7a-f639e03b3210 · outbound

This paper cites Empirical Evaluation of Large Language Models for Novice Program Fault Localization,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Empirical Evaluation of Large Language Models for Novice Program Fault Localization,

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.753446Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 2566cd8b-75b0-48e6-bbc3-fffb2d18671d · outbound

This paper cites Search-based fault localization,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Search-based fault localization,

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.734611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 90599c0f-9eac-4ee8-995b-b84b3510d6ff · outbound

This paper cites Learning to Combine Multiple Ranking Metrics for Fault Localization,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Learning to Combine Multiple Ranking Metrics for Fault Localization,

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.717192Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9c3c7021-6d75-4aa5-84ab-6b87f9be2d08 · outbound

This paper cites Why train-and-select when you can use them all? ensemble model for fault localisation,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation Why train-and-select when you can use them all? ensemble model for fault localisation,

Reference 42

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.699986Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 181e6b0a-2277-48fa-a44e-5381194b7130 · outbound

This paper cites LLM-Blender: Ensembling Large Language Models with Pairwise Ranking and Generative Fusion.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation LLM-Blender: Ensembling Large Language Models with Pairwise Ranking and Generative Fusion

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.531286Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7ce86d2a-92ac-43ef-881d-56f0821cd984 · outbound

This paper cites InfeRE: Step-by-Step Regex Generation via Chain of Inference,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation InfeRE: Step-by-Step Regex Generation via Chain of Inference,

Reference 44

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.683159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation dcc38b47-8eb9-4295-befa-ebac5e6fe035 · outbound

This paper cites An Ensemble Method for Bug Triaging using Large Language Models,.

COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation An Ensemble Method for Bug Triaging using Large Language Models,

Reference 45

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T10:44:43.664992Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 9fde6230-5fc8-4764-8348-2134eccbba30 · inbound

The Rise of Small Language Models in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Survey cites this paper.

The Rise of Small Language Models in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Survey COSMosFL: Ensemble of Small Language Models for Fault Localisation

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T10:51:04.507885Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.