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Page Time of Primordial Black Holes in the Standard Model and Beyond

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arxiv 2502.04430 v3 pith:6D6CNQAE submitted 2025-02-06 astro-ph.CO gr-qchep-phhep-th

Page Time of Primordial Black Holes in the Standard Model and Beyond

classification astro-ph.CO gr-qchep-phhep-th
keywords pagetimeblackentropyholeinitialangularbeyond
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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abstract

The Page time marks the moment when the von Neumann entropy of the emitted Hawking radiation equals the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of an evaporating black hole, which is assumed to quantify its degrees of freedom as seen from the outside. Beyond this point, from unitarity we would expect that the entropy of the radiation begins to decrease, ensuring that information is eventually recovered. In this work, we investigate the dependence of the Page time on black hole properties and the particle content of nature. Specifically, we analyze its sensitivity to the Standard Model (SM) and potential Beyond-the-SM degrees of freedom, incorporating the effects of particle masses. We find that a Schwarzschild primordial black hole (PBH) with an initial mass of $6.23\times 10^{14}~{\rm g}$ would have a Page time equal to the age of the Universe, assuming emission of SM particles only. We further explore the impact of a non-negligible PBH angular momentum, finding that light spin-2 particles are predominantly emitted before the Page time. Specifically, for initial angular momenta values exceeding $a_\star > 0.5$, approximately $70\%$ of the total graviton emission occurs prior to the Page time for PBHs with an initial mass $M_{\rm BH} \lesssim 10^{10}~{\rm g}$. Finally, we discuss the implications for PBH phenomenology, particularly regarding potential constraints from $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ measurements.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Hawking emission of massive vector fields by Kerr black holes

    gr-qc 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0

    First computation of massive vector (Proca) Hawking emission spectra from Kerr black holes, including polarization-dependent greybody factors, Page functions, and mass-enhanced superradiance up to ~7%.

  2. Baryogenesis via Asymmetric Evaporation of Primordial Black Holes

    hep-ph 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0

    Evaporating primordial black holes, biased by a new gravitational interaction, can reproduce the observed baryon asymmetry once entropy dilution and chemical-potential-dependent emission are included.

  3. $\tt BlackHawk$ $\tt v3.0$: Hawking Radiation from Regular Black Holes

    gr-qc 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    BlackHawk v3.0 adds Hawking temperatures and greybody factors for multiple regular black hole metrics to an existing public code via numerical routines.

  4. Memory burden effect of regular primordial black holes

    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Combining regular black hole metrics with memory burden suppresses evaporation and opens a 10^6-10^8 g PBH mass window that can comprise all dark matter.

  5. Multi-messenger Constraints on a Primordial Black Hole Origin of the KM3-230213A Event

    astro-ph.HE 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Absence of detectable pre-burst gamma-ray, cosmic-ray, and lower-energy neutrino signals strongly disfavors a primordial black hole origin for the KM3-230213A event under standard 4D Schwarzschild evaporation.