Measurement of $W^{\pm}$-boson differential cross-sections in proton-proton collisions with low pile-up data at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02$ TeV and $13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

ATLAS Collaboration

REVIEW 2 major objections 3 minor 1 cited by

Measurement of $W^{\pm}$-boson differential cross-sections in proton-proton collisions with low pile-up data at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02$ TeV and $13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

T0 review · 2 major / 3 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This paper reports high-precision single- and double-differential W±-boson cross sections at 5.02 and 13 TeV, shows they agree with Standard Model predictions, and demonstrates that the lepton-pseudorapidity data tighten quark parton…

desk verdict A solid new ATLAS W differential cross-section paper whose central 'agreement' claim is slightly overstated because the high-pT tail excess at 5.02 TeV is never given a pull or chi-square. read the letter →

arxiv 2502.09403 v2 pith:4KRJZBY4 submitted 2025-02-13 hep-ex

ATLAS Collaboration This is my paper · ORCID

classification hep-ex

keywords Wbosonproductiondifferentialcrosssectionschargeasymmetrypartondistributionfunctionslowpile-upNNLOQCDtransverse-momentumresummationATLAS

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper establishes that high-precision measurements of W±-boson production—single- and double-differential cross sections in the lepton's transverse momentum and pseudorapidity (an angular variable), plus the W-charge asymmetry—made in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 5.02 and 13 TeV agree with Standard Model predictions computed at next-to-next-to-leading order in the strong coupling, with transverse-momentum resummation at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy across several parton distribution function sets. The data come from dedicated low pile-up runs, where only about two inelastic collisions occur per bunch crossing, which lets the experimental precision drop below 1% in the bulk phase space. The paper further shows, through a profiling analysis, that the single-differential cross sections as a function of lepton pseudorapidity reduce the uncertainty on quark parton distribution functions by up to a factor of two around x ≈ 0.004, mainly from the 13 TeV data. If correct, these results sharpen the proton's quark content at moderate momentum fractions and provide a stringent test of perturbative quantum chromodynamics.

What carries the argument

The analysis chain rests on an iterative Bayesian unfolding that corrects detector-level lepton distributions back to particle level, a best-linear-unbiased-estimate (BLUE) combination of the electron and muon channels, and a theoretical prediction built from a Drell-Yan program that includes NNLO QCD corrections and NNLL transverse-momentum resummation. For the PDF impact study, the paper applies a profiling technique in which a $\chi^2$ function with correlated experimental and theoretical uncertainties is minimized, effectively reoptimizing the parton distributions to the new measurements. The key object carrying the PDF sensitivity is the single-differential cross section $d\sigma/d|\eta|$, because the W-boson rapidity is strongly correlated with the momentum fraction $x$ of the initial-state partons.

What would settle it

A future measurement of $d\sigma/dp_{\mathrm{T}}$ for $W^-$ at 5.02 TeV using the full Run 2 luminosity, with a generator uncertainty estimated from a third, independently validated event generator, would settle whether the observed high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ excess is real or a modelling artefact.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that the measured W±-boson differential cross sections, defined by the lepton transverse momentum $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and pseudorapidity $|\eta|$ in electron and muon final states, and the derived W-boson charge asymmetry, are in agreement with Standard Model predictions at NNLO in $\alpha_s$ including NNLL transverse-momentum resummation using several parton distribution function sets. The same data, when combined with a profiling technique, show that the $d\sigma/d|\eta|$ measurements constrain the up- and down-valence quark distributions, cutting their uncertainty by about a factor of two near $x \approx 0.004$, with the constraining power coming mainly from the $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV dataset.

Load-bearing premise

The analysis assumes that the difference between two independent Monte Carlo event generator setups, reweighted to the same PDFs, brackets the true signal-modelling uncertainty; if the true uncertainty is larger, the quoted agreement in the high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ tail could be too optimistic.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

The $d\sigma/d|\eta|$ data provide new constraints for global parton distribution fits, particularly for up- and down-valence quarks at $x \approx 0.004$, complementing earlier W/Z measurements at 7 and 8 TeV.
The W-charge asymmetry measurements, being more precise than the PDF-based predictions, can discriminate between competing parton distribution sets in future fits.
The first ATLAS double-differential measurements in $(|\eta|, p_{\mathrm{T}})$ can improve the modelling of W-boson production at high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$, where current predictions sit below the data.
The success of the low pile-up running mode validates it as a strategy for precision electroweak measurements in the high-luminosity era.
These cross sections will serve as input to next-generation QCD fits and may help resolve the long-standing strange-to-light sea-quark ratio puzzle.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the profiling results hold, the $d\sigma/d|\eta|$ data from two energies should be included as a single correlated dataset in future global fits; the factor-of-two gain seen here likely underestimates the full impact of a true simultaneous fit.
The high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ excess observed in the 5.02 TeV $W^-$ channel could indicate missing higher-order electroweak corrections or an underestimated recoil uncertainty; a dedicated calculation at N3LO with full QCD+EW corrections would test this.
The same measurement strategy could be extended to the Z-boson channel or to W production with associated jets, providing an independent handle on the strange-quark content and on the valence-quark asymmetry.
The charge asymmetry results, combined with the low pile-up environment, suggest that even at modest integrated luminosity the differential lepton distributions can rival much larger inclusive samples for PDF constraints.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Mark: This is a straightforward, well-executed measurement paper. The genuinely new pieces are the first ATLAS measurements of dsigma/dpT and double-differential W cross sections at low pile-up (255 pb-1 at 5.02 TeV, 338 pb-1 at 13 TeV), plus the charge asymmetry and PDF profiling. The low-pile-up datasets are a nice resource: recoil resolution is much better than in nominal Run 2, and the luminosity uncertainties dominate the bulk precision (~1%). The analysis is careful. Backgrounds are modest (3-7%), multijet is data-driven with a transfer-factor procedure that looks sensible. The electron and muon channels are combined with BLUE and cross-checked against each other and against the companion paper [14]. The chi2 table for dsigma/d|eta| (Table 2) shows good agreement across CT18, MSHT20, ATLASpdf21, and NNPDF4.0, with the expected differences due to tolerance. The PDF profiling shows a real ~2x reduction in valence-quark uncertainty around x=0.004, which will feed into global fits. The soft spot, as the stress-test note says, is that no chi2 or pull is reported for dsigma/dpT. Section 8.1 acknowledges that 'all the predictions are somewhat lower than the measurement' in the high-pT tail, especially 5.02 TeV W-, but doesn't quantify it. The total uncertainty there is 6% at 5.02 TeV and 3% at 13 TeV, with the generator and recoil uncertainties dominant. So the reader can't tell from the paper whether that excursion is a 1-sigma fluctuation or a 3-sigma effect. The abstract says 'in agreement' without the caveat. That's an overstatement, but not a fatal flaw. It should be fixable in a revision: add a goodness-of-fit test (chi2 or at least per-bin pulls) for the pT distributions, and adjust the abstract or conclusions to mention the high-pT tail. The related signal-generator uncertainty (Powheg vs Sherpa reweighted) is handled as a systematic and reaches 5% at the highest pT bin. That's a recognized assumption and not hidden; the text says it's the dominant uncertainty there. If anything, the paper is transparent about it. Bottom line: this is a solid, useful measurement for the PDF/QCD community. It deserves a serious referee. I'd ask the authors to quantify the pT agreement and soften the abstract accordingly. If they do, I'd be happy to see it published as is; otherwise, I'd still publish after minor revision.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. This paper reports ATLAS measurements of single-differential W±-boson production cross sections as functions of lepton pT and |η|, double-differential cross sections in (|η|, pT), and the W-boson charge asymmetry, using dedicated low-pileup data at 5.02 TeV (255 pb−1) and 13 TeV (338 pb−1). The electron and muon channels are unfolded, combined, and compared with NNLO+NNLL predictions from DYTurbo with several PDF sets. A profiling study shows that the dσ/d|η| data can reduce valence-quark PDF uncertainties by roughly a factor of two near x≈0.004. The central claim is that the measurements agree with Standard-Model predictions; however, agreement for the pT distributions is asserted only qualitatively in the high-pT region, where a mild data excess over all predictions is acknowledged.

Significance. The data set is valuable: it includes the first ATLAS measurements of dσ/dpT and of double-differential W cross sections at these center-of-mass energies, and it exploits the low-pileup runs to achieve sub-percent precision in the bulk phase space. The analysis is carefully cross-checked between electron and muon channels and against the companion measurement in Ref. [14]. The profiling study is non-circular because the PDF sets used do not include the new 5.02 and 13 TeV W data. If the quoted systematic uncertainties are correct, the η distributions provide new constraints on valence-quark PDFs around x≈0.004. The main weakness is the absence of a quantitative goodness-of-fit for the pT distributions, which directly affects the headline agreement claim.

major comments (2)

[Section 8.1, Figure 5] The abstract and Section 9 state that the measurements are in agreement with the NNLO+NNLL predictions, but the agreement for dσ/dpT is not quantified. The text in Section 8.1 acknowledges that in the high-pT tail all predictions are somewhat lower than the measurement, in particular for the 5.02 TeV W− channel, and that the total uncertainty there is up to 6% at 5.02 TeV, with the signal-generator uncertainty contributing up to 5% (Section 7). No χ2, pull, or p-value is given for these pT spectra, so the reader cannot determine whether the visible excess is a one-sigma fluctuation or a genuine discrepancy. Please add a quantitative comparison (e.g., χ2/ndof computed with the full covariance, or per-bin pulls) for the pT distributions, and qualify the abstract and conclusions if the high-pT excess is found to be significant.
[Section 7] The signal-generator uncertainty is estimated by comparing Powheg+Pythia with Sherpa samples that are reweighted to the same PDFs and calibrated for recoil and vertex reconstruction. This assumes that the difference between these two generators brackets the true modeling uncertainty, an assumption that is most consequential in the high-pT tail, where this uncertainty dominates and where the data sit above all predictions. The paper should either provide evidence that this two-generator spread covers the relevant modeling uncertainty (for example, comparisons with an independent shower tune or with resummed predictions), or explicitly state the caveat in the agreement claim for the high-pT region.

minor comments (3)

[Abstract and Section 1] The word 'pseudorapity' should be 'pseudorapidity' in the abstract and in the corresponding sentence in the introduction.
[Section 8.3, Eq. (3)] The definition of Ndata in Eq. (3) is not stated explicitly; please specify that it is the number of combined dσ/d|η| data points entering the profiling χ2.
[Table 2] The layout of Table 2 is difficult to parse, especially the entries for the correlated and total χ2 rows; please format the table so that the ndof and the χ2 values for each PDF set are unambiguous.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the agreement test and PDF-impact study use predictions and PDF sets that explicitly exclude the new 5.02/13 TeV W data.

full rationale

The claimed derivation chain is self-contained against external benchmarks. The measured cross-sections are unfolded from data using MC signal models, with the generator-related model dependence assigned as a systematic uncertainty, and then compared with DYTurbo predictions at NNLO+NNLL accuracy using five PDF sets (CT18, MSHT20, NNPDF3.1, NNPDF4.0, ATLASpdf21). The paper explicitly states that these PDF sets do not include the new measurements: 'These PDF sets are determined using datasets that include the LHC data from W-boson production at sqrt(s)=7 and 8 TeV but not at sqrt(s)=5.02 TeV and 13 TeV.' The agreement test is therefore not circular. The PDF-profiling study (Section 8.3) is presented as an expected-impact exercise: it feeds the measured dsigma/d|eta| into a chi^2-based profiling framework and shows how PDF uncertainties would shrink; because the profiled result is defined as a function of the same data, this is a transparent reweighting claim rather than a prediction derived from first principles, and the paper does not present it as an independent validation. Reliance on the companion ATLAS paper, Ref. [14], for shared analysis techniques, recoil calibration, and correlation assumptions is a self-citation, but Ref. [14] is a prior published measurement with its own data and does not supply the central agreement result, so it is not load-bearing. The acknowledged high-pT tail where 'all the predictions are somewhat lower than the measurement in particular for the 5.02 TeV W- -boson channel' is a goodness-of-fit or quantification concern (the paper gives no chi-square for dsigma/dpT), not a circularity: the data are visibly not forced into agreement with the theory. Overall, no step reduces by construction to the paper's own inputs.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no new free parameters, entities, or fundamental assumptions; it uses standard simulation, PDF, and background-estimation tooling from the literature. The key assumptions are domain assumptions about the accuracy of detector simulation, data-driven background extrapolation, and the theoretical predictions.

assumptions (3)

domain assumption The Monte Carlo detector simulation accurately models the response of the ATLAS detector for signal and background processes.
Invoked in Section 6 where response matrices and purity corrections from simulated events are used to unfold the data; if the simulation is inaccurate, the unfolded cross sections would be biased.
domain assumption The multijet background yield in the signal region can be extrapolated from control regions using a linear function of the isolation variable, with the quadratic difference as a systematic.
Section 5 and Figure 1; the multijet background is data-driven and this linearity is a modeling choice that affects the low-pT 13 TeV cross sections.
domain assumption The theory predictions at NNLO plus NNLL provide an accurate description of W production within the quoted uncertainties.
Used throughout Section 8 to compare with data and in the PDF profiling; if the fixed-order or resummation predictions are inaccurate, the agreement conclusion could change.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Measurement of $W^{\pm}$-boson differential cross-sections in proton-proton collisions with low pile-up data at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02$ TeV and $13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/4KRJZBY4

@misc{pith2026250209403,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Measurement of $W^\pm$-boson differential cross-sections in proton-proton collisions with low pile-up data at $\sqrts = 5.02$ TeV and $13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/4KRJZBY4}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2502.09403}
}

abstract

High precision single-differential $W^\pm$-boson production cross-sections as a function of electron or muon transverse momentum $p_\mathrm{T}$ or their pseudorapity $\eta$, as well as double-differential cross-sections as functions of these variables, are measured in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV and 13 TeV. The $W$-boson charge asymmetry as a function of lepton $\eta$ is also measured. The data, collected in dedicated runs at reduced instantaneous luminosity with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider, correspond to integrated luminosities of 255 pb$^{-1}$ at 5.02 TeV and 338 pb$^{-1}$ at 13 TeV. The measurements are in agreement with Standard-Model predictions calculated at next-to-next-to-leading-order in the strong coupling constant $\alpha_s$ including transverse-momentum resummation at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy using several parton distribution functions. The impact of the measured differential cross-sections as a function of lepton $\eta$ on the determination of these functions is studied using a profiling technique.

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

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