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Search for an exotic decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars in the final state of two muons and two c-quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13\;\text{TeV}$ with CMS Open Data

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Pith's one-line read The first search for h->aa->mumu cc in LHC data sets 95% CL upper limits down to 3.3e-4 on sigma/sigma_SM times the branching fraction, excluding new parameter space in 2HDM+S models.

desk verdict First search for h→aa→μμcc with CMS Open Data: credible limits that close an unconstrained 2HDM+S region; the CR/SR quarkonium-ratio transfer is the one residual worry. read the letter →

arxiv 2504.12161 v2 pith:2WO6HQIT submitted 2025-04-16 hep-ex

Danyer Perez Adan This is my paper · ORCID
classification hep-ex
keywords textbosonhiggslightsearchdatadecaypseudoscalar
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Some theories that extend the Standard Model predict that the 125 GeV Higgs boson can decay into two lighter, new particles called pseudoscalars. If each pseudoscalar then decays into a muon pair or a charm quark pair, the final state would contain two muons and two charm quarks. This search looks for that signature in the public 2016 CMS data, corresponding to 16.4 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collisions. The challenge is that the pseudoscalars are light, between 4 and 11 GeV, so their decay products overlap and look like one jet. The analysis uses the DeepJet charm tagger, which is normally used for identifying charm jets, to pick out the merged charm quark pair. The background, mainly ordinary quark-antiquark production, is modeled directly from data in a control region where the charm tag requirement is relaxed. A simultaneous fit to the di-muon mass spectrum in the signal and control regions is used to search for a narrow peak. No such peak is found. The result is an upper limit on the rate of this process relative to the standard model Higgs production, reaching about 0.00033 at best. Interpreted in a two-Higgs-doublet-plus-singlet model, the limit excludes branching fractions above a level that previous searches could not reach, providing the first meaningful constraint in a region where the new particle decays mainly to charm quarks.
Extended reading notes

Core claim

No significant deviation from the standard model expectation is observed. Model-independent upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on sigma/sigma_SM times B(h125 -> aa -> mu+ mu- c cbar), reaching a minimum value close to 3.3e-4. The constraints are the first to cross unity in 2HDM+S Type II and III with tan beta = 0.5 for pseudoscalar masses between 4 and 11 GeV.

Load-bearing premise

The background model in the signal region is derived from the control region by assuming that the di-muon invariant mass shapes of the five quarkonium resonances (J/psi, psi(2S), Upsilon(1S/2S/3S)) are identical in the two regions, with only the relative normalizations changing through fixed family ratios (Section 6). If the tight c-tagging requirement in the signal region changes the resonance mass resolution, peak position, or the J/psi-to-Upsilon ratio compared to the control region, the simultaneous fit could absorb a real signal into the background or produce a biased limit.

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Assumptions & free parameters 4 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The analysis introduces no new particles or forces; it searches for a known hypothetical pseudoscalar. The free parameters are all nuisance parameters of the background fit or fixed signal shape parameters. The axioms are standard statistical assumptions and domain assumptions about the control region transfer and the model interpretation.

free parameters (4)
  • Signal Crystal Ball tail parameters alphaL, alphaR, nL, nR = alphaL=1.5, alphaR=1.5, nL=2.5, nR=6.5
    Fixed by hand (Section 5) after fitting simulated signal; they shape the tails of the signal p.d.f. and affect the limit extraction.
  • Continuum background exponential slopes lambda1, lambda2 = not quoted
    Fitted to data in the CR and SR as part of the background model in eq. (2); they determine the shape of the non-resonant background.
  • Quarkonium resonance shape parameters m0,i, sigmaL,i, sigmaR,i = not quoted
    Fitted to CR data and shared with the SR (Section 6); their values set the positions and resolutions of the five background resonances.
  • Quarkonium component fractions c_i = not quoted
    Fitted to data; in the SR, the fractions of psi(2S), Upsilon(2S), Upsilon(3S) are fixed relative to the family leaders using CR ratios (Section 6).
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption The core shape parameters (m0, sigmaL, sigmaR) of the quarkonium resonances are the same in the control and signal regions.
    Section 6: 'the core shape of the background resonant components is not expected to be different in the CR and SR'; shared in the simultaneous fit. If false, the background model is biased.
  • domain assumption The c-tagging requirement in the SR is decorrelated from the di-muon invariant mass.
    Section 4: the CR/SR difference is based only on the leading jet c-tag; the paper argues this makes the requirement unrelated to the a->mu+mu- leg. This is the basis for using the CR to model the SR background.
  • domain assumption The narrow width approximation is valid for h125 and a.
    Section 8: 'the narrow width approximation is valid for all resonances involved', used to present the limits as model-independent.
  • standard math The asymptotic approximation to the profile likelihood ratio is valid.
    Section 8: limits computed with the asymptotic CLs method [119].
  • domain assumption The NMSSMHET UFO model provides an adequate description of h->aa->mumu cc kinematics.
    Section 3: signal MC generated with this model; acceptance and shape models are taken from it.
  • domain assumption The branching fractions B(a->ff) from Haisch et al. [51] are correct.
    Section 8: used to convert the model-independent limits into constraints on B(h->aa) in 2HDM+S.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Search for an exotic decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars in the final state of two muons and two c-quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13\;\text{TeV}$ with CMS Open Data." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/2WO6HQIT

@misc{pith2026250412161,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Search for an exotic decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars in the final state of two muons and two c-quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrts = 13\;\textTeV$ with CMS Open Data},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/2WO6HQIT}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2504.12161}
}
abstract

A search is performed for pairs of light pseudoscalar bosons (a) produced from decays of the 125 GeV Higgs boson ($\text{h}_{125}$). The analysis is based on publicly available data collected in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The amount of data analyzed corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 16.4 $\text{fb}^{-1}$. The analysis explores for the first time at the LHC the final state exhibiting two muons and two c-quarks, which originate from flavor-asymmetric decays of the pseudoscalar pair. The search probes the pseudoscalar boson mass interval comprised between 4 and 11 GeV, which represents a region where the light bosons exhibit a considerable Lorentz boost, and thus their decay products overlap. No significant deviation from the standard model expectation is observed. Model-independent upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the product of the cross section and branching fraction for the ${\text{h}_{125} \rightarrow \text{a}\text{a} \rightarrow \mu^{-}\mu^{+} c\bar{c}}$ process relative to the standard model Higgs boson production cross section, reaching a minimum value close to $3.3 \times 10^{-4}$. The results are interpreted in the context of two Higgs doublets plus singlet models and compared to existing experimental results covering other decay channels. The exclusion limits obtained by this search improve the current constraints set by various LHC searches in scenarios where the coupling of the light boson to up-type quarks is enhanced.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2504.12161 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Feynman diagram exemplifying the production and exotic decay of the SM￾like Higgs boson into a pair of pseudoscalars that subsequently decay into a µ −µ + and cc¯ pair respectively (left). Besides it, there is a schematic representation of the final state topology (right), where the effects of the boosting acquired by the pair of light bosons are illustrated. This work is structured as follows. A brief description o… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Relevant distributions of studies performed at generator level. On the left, the distribution of the angular separation (∆R) between the two muons that belong to the a → µ −µ + decay. On the right, the distribution of the two c-tagging discriminators (C-vs-L and C-vs-B) that are obtained for the DeepJet algorithm applied on the AK4 reconstructed jet that matches the a → cc¯ candidate. This matching was performed imp… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. ROC curves exhibiting the discrimination capability of the C-vs-L (left) and C￾vs-B (right) discriminators for the DeepJet algorithm using AK4 jets with similar require￾ments to the ones utilized in this analysis. The performance of these two discriminators when operating on signal cc¯ jets (a → cc¯ jets) is compared to the performance on regular QCD c jets. For the signal process, only AK4 jets that have been match… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (5 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Graphic representation of the unbinned maximum likelihood fit performed to simulated events using the signal model underlined by equation 1 and described in the text. Two representative signal mass hypotheses, namely ma = 5 GeV (left) and ma = 9 GeV (right), are shown …
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Illustration of the fit performed to data events selected in the CR using the background model underlined by equation 2 and described in the text. The data points represent the reconstructed di-muon invariant mass distribution in the observed data. The blue solid line …
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Invariant mass distribution of the muon pair in the SR after having performed a simultaneous background-only fit to the observed events in the SR and the CR. The black points represent the observed data, which has been binned for illustration purposes. The blue solid l…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Observed and expected upper limits at 95% CL on the product of the signal cross section and branching fraction σ/σSM · B(h125 → aa → µ −µ +cc¯) relative to the SM prediction. The solid and dashed lines correspond to the observed and median expected limits, respectively…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Observed and expected upper limits at 95% CL on σ/σSM · B(h125 → aa) as a function of ma for Type II (upper) and Type III (lower) 2HDM+S scenarios. The limits are computed assuming a value of tan β = 0.5. The results of this search employing the CMS Open Data (16.4 fb−…

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