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LHCspin: a Polarized Gas Target for LHC

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-16 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read LHCspin would give LHCb polarized fixed-target collisions for the first time, alongside 14 TeV beam-beam running.

desk verdict A well-organised LHCspin proposal with one genuinely useful new lab result and one load-bearing gap: nobody has shown how to measure the polarisation of the storage-cell target at LHCb. read the letter →

arxiv 2504.16034 v1 pith:QWME3JQE submitted 2025-04-22 hep-ex

A. Accardi , A. Bacchetta , L. Barion , G. Bedeschi , V. Benesova , S. Bertelli , V. Bertone , C. Bissolotti
show 85 more authors
M. Boglione G. Bozzi N. Bundaleski V. Carassiti F. G. Celiberto Z. Chen G. Ciullo M. Constantinou P. Costa Pinto A. Courtoy U. D'Alesio C. De Angelis E. De Lucia I. Denisenko P. Di Nezza M. Diehl F. Donato N. Doshita O. M. N. Duarte Teodoro M. G. Echevarria T. El-Kordy R. Engels F. Fabiano I. P. Fernando M. Ferro-Luzzi C. Flore L. Gamberg G. R. Goldstein J. O. Gonzalez-Hernandez B. Gou A. Gridin A. Guskov C. Hadjidakis V. Hejny T. Iwata D. Keller N. Koch A. Kotzinian J. P. Lansberg P. Lenisa X. Li H. W. Lin S. Liuti R. Longo M. Maggiora G. Manca S. Mariani J. Matousek T. Matsuda A. Metz M. Mirazita Y. Miyachi A. Movsisyan F. Murgia A. Nass E. R. Nocera C. Oppedisano L. L. Pappalardo B. Parsamyan B. Pasquini M. Pesek A. Piccoli C. Pisano D. Pitonyak J. Pretz A. Prokudin M. Radici F. Rathmann M. Rotondo M. Santimaria G. Schnell R. Shankar A. Signori D. Sivers S. Squerzanti M. Stancari E. Steffens L. Sun H. Suzuki G. Tagliente F. Tessarotto C. Van Hulse Q. Xu Z. Ye J. Zhang
This is my paper · ORCID
classification hep-ex PACS 29.25.Pj13.88.+e
keywords polarizedgastargetLHCbfixed-targetprogramtransversesingle-spinasymmetriesgluonSiversfunctionmomentumdependentdistributionsstoragecellCoulomb-NuclearInterferencepolarimetryatomicbeamsource
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper proposes LHCspin, a polarized internal gas target for the LHCb spectrometer, and argues that it would open a new fixed-target spin-physics program at the LHC. With a storage cell fed by an atomic beam source, LHCb would for the first time record polarized and unpolarized beam-target collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}\simeq 115$ GeV while the main proton beams continue colliding at $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV. The projected event rates are high enough that transverse single-spin asymmetries could be measured to an absolute precision better than 0.01 within minutes of data-taking, giving access to quark and gluon transverse-momentum distributions, especially the poorly known gluon Sivers function, in a kinematic region no other experiment covers. The proposal rests on two enabling pieces: an amorphous-carbon-coated storage cell that recombines polarized atoms into molecules while retaining most of the polarization, and an absolute polarimeter based on Coulomb-Nuclear Interference elastic scattering whose analyzing power must still be validated experimentally.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the polarized gas target itself, built from four components: an Atomic Beam Source that produces nuclear-spin-polarized hydrogen or deuterium atoms; an openable storage cell coated with amorphous carbon, where atoms undergo roughly 100 wall collisions and recombine into molecules; a dipole magnet providing a roughly 0.3 T transverse holding field that suppresses depolarization; and an absolute polarimeter that measures the molecular target polarization from the left-right asymmetry of elastic proton-proton scattering. The recombination-polarization balance is quantified by $P_m(B,n)=P_{m0}\,e^{-n(B_{c,m}/B)^2}$ with $B_{c,m}=5.4$ mT for H$_2$, and the measured values (more than 93% recombination, $P_m\simeq0.64$) make a polarized molecular target viable. The absolute polarimeter, adapted from hadron-collider practice, uses Coulomb-Nuclear Interference where the analyzing power $A_N$ at 7 TeV is currently only predicted theoretically; this is the mechanism that converts measured raw asymmetries into a known target polarization $P$, and hence into physics asymmetries.

What would settle it

Take the IR4 polarized atomic jet, whose polarization is known independently from the Breit-Rabi polarimeter, and measure the left-right recoil-proton asymmetry in elastic scattering off the 7 TeV beam as a function of $-t$; if the extracted $A_N$ disagrees with the theoretical prediction used in the proposal, the polarization scale, and therefore every projected spin asymmetry, is wrong by that factor.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

LHCspin's central claim is that a polarized hydrogen or deuterium gas target, installed upstream of the upgraded LHCb vertex detector, would make LHCb the first experiment to collect beam-beam data at 14 TeV and, at the same time, beam-target data at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}\simeq 115$ GeV with a polarized target. Using an atomic beam source, a storage cell, and a 0.3 T holding field, the target would reach areal densities near $3.7\times10^{13}$ atoms/cm$^2$, about 200 times the SMOG2 rate after bunch-count and efficiency scaling, yielding millions of reconstructed $J/\psi\to\mu^+\mu^-$ decays per week. With conservative reconstruction efficiencies, the authors project that a target spin asymmetry can be determined to absolute precision better than 0.01 in minutes of data-taking on high-statistics channels. The paper also establishes, from dedicated measurements, that an amorphous-carbon cell coating, the only coating currently compatible with LHC vacuum rules, causes nearly complete recombination of atomic hydrogen into molecules while preserving up to $P_m\sim0.64$ molecular polarization, i.e. about 74% of the atomic polarization. Because molecular polarization cannot be measured with a Breit-Rabi polarimeter, the proposal includes a new absolute polarimeter that calibrates target polarization via Coulomb-Nuclear Interference elastic proton-proton scattering at 7 TeV.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the absolute polarimeter can fix the target polarization from Coulomb-Nuclear Interference elastic proton-proton scattering at 7 TeV, where the analyzing power $A_N$ is known only from theoretical predictions that the paper says still need experimental validation.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the rates and polarization hold, LHCb can measure the gluon Sivers function through $J/\psi$ and quarkonium-pair asymmetries in the large-negative-$x_F$ region, where some models predict 30-40% effects.
  • The same data set would yield Drell-Yan dimuon asymmetries that test the predicted sign change of the Sivers and Boer-Mulders functions between semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and Drell-Yan.
  • Polarized deuterium targets combined with lead beams would allow the first studies of fireball ellipticity relative to the deuteron polarization axis in heavy-light ultra-relativistic collisions.
  • The IR4 commissioning phase would deliver the first experimental determination of the CNI analyzing power at 7 TeV, a prerequisite for all LHCspin spin measurements.
  • Because beam-gas and beam-beam vertices are well separated, the fixed-target program can run parasitically with the LHCb collider program, as SMOG2 already demonstrated.
  • The proposed molecular polarized target, with its figure of merit comparable to atomic storage-cell targets, offers a route to high-density polarized hydrogen without coatings that are forbidden at the LHC.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Beyond the paper: if the CNI analyzing power at 7 TeV is measured at IR4 and deviates from the theoretical prediction, the absolute scale of every published LHCspin asymmetry would shift by the same factor, so the IR4 run is also a test of the proposal's physics reach.
  • Beyond the paper: the same amorphous-carbon storage-cell technology could be applied to deuterium and, with further R&D, to helium-3 targets, extending the program to neutron and tensor-polarization observables without changing the LHCb layout.
  • Beyond the paper: the absolute polarimeter and beam-gas vertexing could double as a non-invasive beam-size and emittance monitor, reproducing the function of the device LHCspin would replace at IR4.
  • Beyond the paper: if LHCspin reaches the projected precision before a dedicated electron-ion collider program begins, it would provide an early test of current TMD phenomenology; a disagreement with model predictions would motivate revisiting the assumed process dependence of T-odd distributions.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper presents the LHCspin proposal: a polarized hydrogen/deuterium internal gas target for LHCb, based on the existing SMOG2 storage-cell technology, an atomic beam source, an amorphous-carbon-coated cell that converts atomic to molecular polarization, and an absolute CNI polarimeter to be developed and commissioned at LHC IR4. The authors project event rates by scaling SMOG2 p-Ar data to p-H collisions, estimate the time needed to reach a given TSSA precision with Eq. (15), present a pseudo-data closure test of the azimuthal-analysis procedure, report laboratory measurements of recombination and molecular polarization on a-C coatings, and outline an IR4 R&D program. The central physics claim is that LHCb can simultaneously collect 14 TeV beam-beam and ~100 GeV beam-target data, with target spin asymmetries measurable to better than 0.01 absolute precision within minutes of data-taking.

Significance. If the technical case holds, LHCspin would open a genuinely unique kinematic window in polarized fixed-target collisions and would be the first such system at the LHC, with competitive sensitivity to quark and gluon TMDs, GPDs via UPCs, and polarized heavy-ion collisions. The paper has concrete strengths: it anchors the rate projections in real SMOG2 data, provides transparent scaling formulas, includes full LHCb simulation for kinematic coverage and efficiencies, and reports actual laboratory data on a-C coating recombination and molecular polarization (Sec. 6.1). These are valuable and go beyond a purely conceptual proposal. However, the physics projections in Sec. 5.2 and the pseudo-data analysis in Sec. 5.4 depend on assumptions about the ABS flux and, most importantly, on the ability to know the molecular target polarization in situ; that latter point is not demonstrated and is load-bearing for the stated precision claims.

major comments (3)
  1. [Secs. 4, 3.1.1, 7] The paper does not demonstrate an in-situ measurement of the molecular target polarization inside the LHCb storage cell. The LHCspin cell is said to be 'based on the same concept' as the SMOG2 cell (Sec. 4), and the SMOG2 tube has a 200-µm aluminum wall (Sec. 3.1.1). The CNI polarimeter described in Sec. 7 detects recoil protons of 1-6 MeV and is designed for a free jet (RHIC/HJET geometry), with detectors viewing the jet in vacuum. A 200-µm Al wall corresponds to ~54 mg/cm², while the range of a 1 MeV proton in Al is only ~8 mg/cm² and that of a 6 MeV proton is ~60 mg/cm²; thus essentially all CNI recoils from the storage-cell gas would be stopped or heavily degraded before reaching an external detector. No thin-window, thinner-wall, or in-vacuum detector design is presented, and no elastic-scattering rate estimate is given for the storage-cell geometry. Without a measurement of P for the actual target, Eq. (15) cannot convert the measured raw asymmetry into a physics asymmetry, and the claim in Sec. 5.2 of <0.01 absolute TSSA precision in minutes is not supported.
  2. [Sec. 7.3] The absolute polarimeter relies on the CNI analyzing power AN at 7 TeV, which the paper itself states is based on theoretical predictions (Refs. [116-118]) that 'need to be validated experimentally.' Since all TSSA projections in Sec. 5.2 divide by P, and P is to be determined from CNI asymmetry, the validation of AN is a prerequisite, not an optional R&D item. The proposed calibration at IR4 uses a free jet and a Breit-Rabi polarimeter to determine the atomic-beam polarization; even if this validates AN, it does not by itself calibrate the storage-cell molecular target, whose polarization depends on wall collisions, cell temperature, holding field, and gas dynamics. The connection between the IR4 calibration and the LHCb cell polarization measurement needs to be specified.
  3. [Sec. 5.1, Eq. (10)] The central rate projections assume an ABS flux of φ = 6.5×10^16 atoms/s (Eq. 10), but no measured value or detailed design calculation for the new ABS is provided; the text says only that a dedicated ABS 'should be designed' and that new tools will be employed. Since Table 1 and the 'minutes to 0.01' curves in Sec. 5.2 scale linearly with this flux, a factor 2-3 shortfall (typical of existing ABS performance) would materially change the stated physics reach. The projections should be presented as a function of φ or tied to an explicit R&D milestone, rather than as a single central value.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Sec. 3.1.1, Eq. (9) vs Eq. (12)] There is an inconsistency between the SMOG2 areal density quoted in Eq. (9), θ = 1.88×10^12 nucleons/cm², and the value 9.36×10^11 nucleons/cm² used in the scaling factor f in Eq. (12); one of these is off by a factor of two, likely from using L instead of L/2 in the triangular profile.
  2. [Sec. 5.4, Fig. 27] The fitted a1 amplitudes shown in Fig. 27 are all approximately 0.01, whereas the input parameters in Eq. (16) are stated to be a1 = 0.1 (a 10% amplitude). Please clarify whether the plotted quantity is the fitted coefficient in Eq. (17), and if so, why it is an order of magnitude lower than the input; if the figure labels are correct, the statement that 'the fitted amplitudes are compatible with the parameters used' needs revision.
  3. [Sec. 7.2] The text says 'The time-of-light (TOF) technique' but should read 'time-of-flight'.
  4. [Sec. 3.2.1] Typo: 'hypoteses' should be 'hypotheses'.
  5. [Sec. 6.1] The location is given as 'FJZ Jülich' in Sec. 6.1 and 'FZ Jülich' in the Appendix; please use one consistent abbreviation.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No load-bearing circularity; only a self-consistency pseudo-data check and normal self-citations.

  1. other [Sec. 5.4 'Analysis of pseudo-data', Eq. (16) and Fig. 27]
    "Qualitatively based on this prediction, the chosen parameters for Eq. 16 are a1 = 0.1, a2 = a3 = 0.05 and b1 = 0.02, b2 = b3 = 0.01, i.e. a 10% amplitude with a mild dependence on the kinematics. ... The fitted amplitudes are compatible with the parameters used in the generated model (Eq. 16), i.e. no bias is observed."

    The pseudo-data are generated by reweighting events with Eq. (16) using the same amplitudes a1=0.1, b1=0.02 that are later extracted by the fit of Eq. (17). Agreement is therefore guaranteed up to statistical fluctuations; the 'no bias' result is a closure test, not an independent measurement or prediction of the gluon Sivers asymmetry. This loop is not load-bearing for the rate and precision projections in Secs. 5.1-5.2, which rely on SMOG2 data scaling and on statistical error propagation of Eq. (15) rather than on the pseudo-data fit.

full rationale

The central performance claims are not circular. Event rates (Sec. 5.1) are obtained by scaling SMOG2 data with an areal density computed from the cell conductance formula (Eqs. 10-11) and the SMOG2/LHCspin ratio (Eq. 12). TSSA precision projections (Sec. 5.2) are statistical error propagations of Eq. (15) under assumed polarization uncertainties and event counts; the assumed asymmetry amplitudes A=2% or A=10% are illustrative scenarios, not fitted outputs. The pseudo-data analysis (Sec. 5.4) is explicitly a self-consistency check: events are reweighted with Eq. (16) using chosen parameters, and the fitted amplitudes are compared with those input parameters, so the agreement is by construction rather than a physics prediction. The self-citations to Refs. [52,98] set the illustrative asymmetry scale but do not enter the rate or precision formulas. The absolute polarimeter is presented as a calibration chain: at IR4 the Breit-Rabi polarimeter measures the jet polarization P_T, which via Eq. (21) determines the analyzing power A_N; the paper itself states that the CNI A_N predictions 'need to be validated experimentally' (Sec. 7.3), making the unvalidated A_N an acknowledged feasibility risk rather than a circularly derived input. The skeptical concern about 1-6 MeV recoil protons traversing the 200-micron aluminum cell wall is a serious feasibility issue, but it is not a logical circularity in the derivation chain.

Assumptions & free parameters 5 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central feasibility estimates depend on an assumed ABS flux, a molecular-flow conductance model, an unvalidated CNI analyzing power prediction, and a lab-to-LHC extrapolation of the amorphous carbon coating behavior. These are acknowledged or standard assumptions, but they are load-bearing for the projected rates and physics precision.

free parameters (5)
  • ABS atomic flux phi = 6.5e16 atoms/s
    Assumed performance of a newly designed ABS; drives the areal density (Eq. 10), luminosity (Eq. 14), and all event rate projections (Table 1). No prototype has achieved this flux at LHC conditions.
  • Pseudo-data asymmetry parameters a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 = a1=0.1, a2=a3=0.05, b1=0.02, b2=b3=0.01
    Hand-chosen values in Eq. 16 to emulate a 10% gluon Sivers amplitude and a higher-twist term; the closure test in Sec. 5.4 fits these same values, so it is a self-consistency check, not a prediction.
  • Target polarization scenarios P = 0.70+-0.07, 0.90+-0.01, 1.00+-0.00
    Used in Fig. 23 to project TSSA precision. The coating measurements suggest molecular polarization up to ~0.64, so the higher scenarios may be optimistic.
  • Run 3 beam current per bunch = 1.4e11 protons
    Assumed for Run 5 luminosity and rates; the paper notes it is likely to increase.
  • Cell conductance C = 17.5 l/s
    Computed from Eq. 11 for D=1 cm, L=20 cm, feed tube 10 cm; used to derive areal density. Assumes molecular flow and Knudsen cosine law.
assumptions (7)
  • domain assumption Storage cell gas dynamics follows molecular flow with Knudsen's cosine law re-emission.
    Used in Sec. 3.1.1 and Eq. 10 to compute conductance and triangular density profile. Standard for low-pressure gas targets but not directly verified in the LHC storage cell with beam.
  • domain assumption Total beam-gas cross section scales as sigma_pA ~ A^(2/3) sigma_pp.
    Eq. 8 used for beam lifetime estimates; a known approximation for nuclear targets.
  • domain assumption Molecular polarization after n wall collisions follows Pm(B,n)=Pm0 exp(-n (Bc,m/B)^2) from Wise et al.
    Eq. 18/22 from Ref. [127]; assumed to hold in the LHC storage cell with a-C coating to estimate required holding field.
  • ad hoc to paper CNI analyzing power predictions for elastic pp at 7 TeV (Refs. [116-118]) are correct.
    The absolute polarimeter relies on these predictions; the paper admits they need to be validated experimentally (Sec. 7.3). If wrong, the target polarization P is unknown and all asymmetry measurements fail.
  • domain assumption Amorphous carbon coating behavior measured on a glass cell at FZJ transfers to the LHC storage cell.
    The recombination rate >93% and Pm~0.64 were measured in a lab (Sec. 6.1); the LHC cell will have different geometry, temperature, vacuum, and beam-induced fields.
  • ad hoc to paper The pseudo-data model in Eq. 16 captures the true physics asymmetry shape (first-order Taylor in x and pT plus sin 2phi term).
    Used to generate pseudo-data; if the real Sivers asymmetry has a different kinematic dependence, the projected precision and optimal binning will change.
  • domain assumption Nuclear effects are neglected in scaling SMOG2 p-Ar rates to p-H (each nucleon contributes incoherently).
    Stated in Sec. 5.1; reasonable for hydrogen but the scaling also ignores possible differences in reconstruction efficiency.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of LHCspin: a Polarized Gas Target for LHC." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/QWME3JQE

@misc{pith2026250416034,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: LHCspin: a Polarized Gas Target for LHC},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/QWME3JQE}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2504.16034}
}
abstract

The goal of the LHCspin project is to develop innovative solutions for measuring the 3D structure of nucleons in high-energy polarized fixed-target collisions at LHC, exploring new processes and exploiting new probes in a unique, previously unexplored, kinematic regime. A precise multi-dimensional description of the hadron structure has, in fact, the potential to deepen our understanding of the strong interactions and to provide a much more precise framework for measuring both Standard Model and Beyond Standard Model observables. This ambitious task poses its basis on the recent experience with the successful installation and operation of the SMOG2 unpolarized gas target in front of the LHCb spectrometer. Besides allowing for interesting physics studies ranging from astrophysics to heavy-ion physics, SMOG2 provides an ideal benchmark for studying beam-target dynamics at the LHC and demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneous operation with beam-beam collisions. With the installation of the proposed polarized target system, LHCb will become the first experiment to simultaneously collect data from unpolarized beam-beam collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=14 TeV and polarized and unpolarized beam-target collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}\sim$100 GeV. LHCspin has the potential to open new frontiers in physics by exploiting the capabilities of the world's most powerful collider and one of the most advanced spectrometers. This document also highlights the need to perform an R\&D campaign and the commissioning of the apparatus at the LHC Interaction Region 4 during the Run 4, before its final installation in LHCb. This opportunity could also allow to undertake preliminary physics measurements with unprecedented conditions.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2504.16034 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Kinematic coverage of LHC fixed-target experiments (orange) compared [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Wigner distributions (top) and leading-twist GPDs (bottom, left) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Left: Up quark densities in momentum space [29]. Right: Distortion of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (38 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Left: projections of TSSAs as a function of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Theoretical predictions for (left) TSSAs in inclusive J [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Left: Nucleon tomography in coordinate space. Right: Access to gluon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Left: sketch of a ultra-relativistic collision of a lead nucleus against a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Left: SMOG2 storage cell mounted inside LHCb, in front of the VELO [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Distributions of primary vertices along the beam direction acquired [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Scheme of the SMOG2 tubular storage cell with length [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Dimensions of one half of the cell and its transition cone pointing to [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Overall view of the VELO vessel with the storage cell (in dark blue) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_12.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Zoom on the storage cell to show the supports and attachment to [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_13.png]
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Details of the upstream WFS and its connection to the beam pipe [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Picture of the storage cell, in closed position, installed in front of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_15.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: However, for a precise determination of the minimal allowed aperture, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_12.png]
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Minimum aperture for all studied scenarios for the SMOG2 cell. A 0.1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_16.png]
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Beam lifetime as a function of the target gas atomic mass for different [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_17.png]
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: RF foil sticking coefficient as a function of the longitudinal position [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_18.png]
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Conceptual design of the full setup installed in the VELO alcove. On [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_19.png]
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: Schematic drawing of an ABS. the cell, and to avoid beam-induced depolarization [80]. A key difference with SMOG2 is the need to use proper storage cell coating which maintains a high level of nuclear polarization (see Section 6). • Absolute polarimeter The studies co…
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: A drawing of the LHCspin vacuum chamber (yellow) hosting the storage [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_21.png]
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: The nucleon areal density for a triangular density profile [84] can be computed as: θSMOG2 = p kBT × L 2 × ×AAr = 1.88 × 1012 nucleons/cm 2 , (9) 26 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_22.png]
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: Reconstructed J/ψ → µ +µ − decays from p-Ar collision collected with SMOG2 [83]. where a cell length of L = 20 cm, a gas temperature T = 300 K and AAr = 40 have been used. Each nucleon is assumed to contribute incoherently to the production cross section, i.e. nuclear…
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: Number of fully-reconstructed events and data-taking time to reach a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_23.png]
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: Kinematic coverage in the x − Q2 plane [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_24.png]
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: Reconstruction efficiencies for J/ψ → µ +µ − events. 5.4 Analysis of pseudo-data To create a pseudo-dataset for LHCspin, the polarization of the target gas is emulated by weighting events according to a given function [33]. A variable called ρ is computed based on the…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7: Maximized values for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_7.png]
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: Fits to azimuthal modulations in eight different [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_27.png]
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: The design of the experimental setup at FZ J¨ulich: The ANKE-ABS is [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_28.png]
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Measurement of the proton polarization pz as a function of the external magnetic field Bz along the cell. Following Eq. 24 (in Appendix), the number of protons from atoms (a) and molecules (b) can be determined to calculate the recombination rate on the amorphous carb…
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Left: Theoretical estimations of the analyzing power [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_30.png]
Figure 31
Figure 31. Figure 31: CAD of the polarized gas target system, showing the main components [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_31.png]
Figure 32
Figure 32. Figure 32: CAD model of the target system implementation in the LHC tunnel at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_32.png]
Figure 31
Figure 31. Figure 31: These cylinders will contain the detectors for identifying the recoil protons [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_31.png]
Figure 33
Figure 33. Figure 33: Detailed view of the vacuum chamber. A holding field of up to approximately 300 mT will surround the vacuum chamber. The magnetic field can be produced by simple Helmholtz coils (yellow circles in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_33.png]
Figure 34
Figure 34. Figure 34: The Beam Gas Vertex system at the IR4. The scintillating fiber trackers, infrastructure and services of the existing BGV system [123], shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_34.png]
Figure 35
Figure 35. Figure 35: An experimental setup at the IR4. From left to right: the polarized gas [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p045_35.png]
Figure 36
Figure 36. Figure 36: A conventional storage cell and the production of a 200 nm amorphous [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_36.png]
Figure 37
Figure 37. Figure 37: The mass spectra of the ion beam leaving the cell, produced by varying [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_37.png]
Figure 38
Figure 38. Figure 38: The intensity of the Lyman-α photons as function of time when the magnetic field in the spinfilter is ramped. In this example, protons of the primary H + 2 ions with s = +1/2 will contribute to the first and with s = −1/2 to the second resonance. Thus, the polarizatio…

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Reference graph

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