Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks

As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 23 of 23 outbound references and 4 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2504.19445.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2504.19445 v1

Coverage vector

measured 23 of 23 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.507362Z

measured 27 of 27 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00

measured 4 of 4 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-30T17:04:22.688250Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-06-30T17:04:56.455280Z

Reference resolution

23 of 23 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy6
unresolved17
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation e5a64eed-4182-46da-968f-ddc037419bed · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.374180Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7425302d-3a33-4a4d-bee3-447231ac9b56 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:19.030928Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 69da237f-448b-4276-b9c8-5d0fbb584b6f · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.386218Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a78343fe-8570-4dbf-98c5-bae4a595b423 · outbound

This paper cites M., Liu, Y ., Alessa, A., McAuley, J., & He, Z.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks M., Liu, Y ., Alessa, A., McAuley, J., & He, Z

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:19.007858Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation d7fcbc42-2d2f-43e9-bd2d-691aaf8d3d2f · outbound

This paper cites Determinants of LLM-assisted Decision-Making.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Determinants of LLM-assisted Decision-Making

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.396128Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f186e4fe-e21a-4fad-9c04-61d6b8dc3b95 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.401803Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4c8594c2-046a-4131-afa7-32d4d918c450 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.971943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation c193d894-b71c-4386-ab02-249c856605e4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.955598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 8c40b8c6-d777-4a6a-8a94-42278faa1bd8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.935538Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation e9c1eb0e-3c8e-46be-8915-1b6f2853220d · outbound

This paper cites Language Model Probabilities are Not Calibrated in Numeric Contexts.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Language Model Probabilities are Not Calibrated in Numeric Contexts

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.423484Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 43cce0ff-731c-40b8-9c04-857f2e6a2968 · outbound

This paper cites T., Yao, S., Friedman, D., Hardy, M.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks T., Yao, S., Friedman, D., Hardy, M

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.915401Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 36bc1d14-3fa3-4bf2-bc8f-7433b653a084 · outbound

This paper cites Benchmarking Distributional Alignment of Large Language Models.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Benchmarking Distributional Alignment of Large Language Models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.432946Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d9a6af8f-e834-43c1-ac34-9aed0c286543 · outbound

This paper cites Are Large Language Models Consistent over Value-laden Questions?.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Are Large Language Models Consistent over Value-laden Questions?

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.437700Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 84366fb5-1191-48fe-a12e-9da00747686a · outbound

This paper cites LLM Agents Grounded in Self-Reports Enable General-Purpose Simulation of Individuals.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks LLM Agents Grounded in Self-Reports Enable General-Purpose Simulation of Individuals

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.442674Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 087f08c8-8e8a-49fa-a351-2b115873f401 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.447647Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 44dfcdc9-0fa5-422c-a29f-3f7e5988cd06 · outbound

This paper cites E., & Van Bavel, J.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks E., & Van Bavel, J

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.886456Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation ef61a266-c198-4a3c-afa3-2b768963d7ec · outbound

This paper cites P., Accerenzi, M., & Bra˜nas-Garza, P.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks P., Accerenzi, M., & Bra˜nas-Garza, P

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.864537Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation f0e397e6-9f73-4d92-a808-538b5b466725 · outbound

This paper cites E., Pr ¨ollochs, N., Schwarzenegger, K., P¨arnamets, P., Van Bavel, J.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks E., Pr ¨ollochs, N., Schwarzenegger, K., P¨arnamets, P., Van Bavel, J

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.846855Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 45035191-37de-4c2e-8ec4-81acad3641e8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.828131Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 2251dcf7-cfb5-41bb-9f94-8ae3bff0d983 · outbound

This paper cites Cognitive Architectures for Language Agents.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Cognitive Architectures for Language Agents

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.487718Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bcb44582-2a47-4327-a844-a05fc845aeca · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluators.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluators

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.493865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ace4224f-ac78-4ac0-b5c0-3b648ffba6d9 · outbound

This paper cites R., & Brown, A.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks R., & Brown, A

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.801738Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 5bbe6001-4f72-4423-9909-003469aded21 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models Are Not Robust Multiple Choice Selectors.

Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks Large Language Models Are Not Robust Multiple Choice Selectors

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:56:18.507362Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation cdb8de76-0945-4169-a065-27685c8bf1c0 · inbound

PAC-MCTS: Bias-Aware Pruning for Robust LLM-Guided Search and Planning cites this paper.

PAC-MCTS: Bias-Aware Pruning for Robust LLM-Guided Search and Planning Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks

Reference 1

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T13:35:26.725913Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 4b71a6d0-40d7-4aa6-96a0-b61fdfba28a4 · inbound

PAC-MCTS: Bias-Aware Pruning for Robust LLM-Guided Search and Planning cites this paper.

PAC-MCTS: Bias-Aware Pruning for Robust LLM-Guided Search and Planning Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks

Reference 1

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T01:51:14.821916Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation aa305ea2-5c7b-4418-99ee-7dd02e48ac26 · inbound

AMEL: Accumulated Message Effects on LLM Judgments cites this paper.

AMEL: Accumulated Message Effects on LLM Judgments Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-22T05:11:06.845782Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 518f303c-8eb5-4d16-9b6f-490f97e51687 · inbound

AMEL: Accumulated Message Effects on LLM Judgments cites this paper.

AMEL: Accumulated Message Effects on LLM Judgments Systematic Bias in Large Language Models: Discrepant Response Patterns in Binary vs. Continuous Judgment Tasks

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-30T17:04:56.456993Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.