Polish national input to the 2026 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

A.F. \.Zarnecki; A. Kaczmarska; A. Kalinowski; A. Kup\'s\'c; A. Kusina; A. Matyja; A. Padee; A. Rybicki; A. Si\'odmok; A. Szabelski

Polish national input to the 2026 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

T0 review · 0 major / 9 minor · reviewed 2026-08-16 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The Polish high-energy physics community makes the FCC-ee Higgs factory its top priority for Europe's next collider.

desk verdict A clear, honest national position paper: the Polish HEP community backs FCC-ee first and a linear collider second, with the physics case inherited from prior strategy documents—exactly the right structure for this genre. read the letter →

arxiv 2504.20257 v1 pith:WMXMGYRE submitted 2025-04-28 hep-ex hep-ph

K. Adamczyk , B. Bade{l}ek , T. Banaszkiewicz , V. Batozskaya , M. Bluj , D. Bocian , P. Bruckman de Renstrom , M. Chorowski

show 54 more authors

M. Chrząszcz W. Cichalewski D. Derendarz M. Dynda{l} J. Gluza {L}. Graczykowski K. Grebieszkow A. Kaczmarska P. Kalaczyński A. Kalinowski J. Kalinowski M. Konecki G. Kornakov P. Kotko M. Kucharczyk A. Kupść A. Kusina K. Kutak J. {L}agoda T. Lesiak P. Malecki A. Matyja B. Mindur M. Misiak A. Padee L.W. Piotrowski K. Piotrzkowski W. P{l}aczek K. Poźniak K. Rolbiecki A. Rybicki S. Sapeta A. Siódmok M. Skrzypek M. S{l}awińska J. Sobczyk I. Sputowska E. Stanecka {L}. Stawarz A. Szabelski M. Szleper P. Sznajder T. Szumlak A. Ukleja T. Wącha{l}a J. Wagner W. Wiślicki S. Wronka B. Żabiński A.F. Żarnecki G. Żarnecki H. Zbroszczyk A. Zem{l}a G. Zuzel

This is my paper · ORCID

classification hep-exhep-ph

keywords EuropeanStrategyforParticlePhysicsFCC-eeHiggsfactoryfuturecollidersPolandelectroweakprecisionlinearcollider

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This document is the Polish community's official input to the 2026 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics. It argues that CERN's next flagship should be the Future Circular Collider, starting with FCC-ee, a circular electron-positron collider designed as a Higgs, electroweak, and flavour factory. The paper ranks a linear collider at CERN as the second option, and urges continued support for the LHC, HL-LHC, fixed-target, non-collider, and novel accelerator programmes. A sympathetic reader would take the central claim to be that FCC-ee is the best available next step for the field and that the Polish community is ready to commit to it across accelerator, detector, theory, and analysis work.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the FCC-ee TeraZ mode: the proposed circular $e^+e^-$ collider running at the Z pole with roughly $10^{13}$ Z bosons, giving one-to-two-orders-of-magnitude improved electroweak pseudo-observables compared with LEP. This mode is what makes FCC-ee 'the top priority' in the paper, and it is also portrayed as the natural first stage of the FCC programme leading to FCC-hh.

What would settle it

If CERN's FCC feasibility study concludes that the tunnel and machine cannot be delivered within agreed cost and schedule, or if HL-LHC data reveal that a dedicated Higgs factory would not add the promised precision, the document's primary recommendation loses its foundation.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that the Polish high-energy physics community wants CERN's next flagship to be the Future Circular Collider, beginning with FCC-ee, a circular $e^+e^-$ collider operating as a Higgs, electroweak, and flavour factory. It states that FCC-ee's TeraZ run, collecting nearly $10^{13}$ Z bosons, would improve the precision of electroweak pseudo-observables by one to two orders of magnitude and would serve as a springboard to FCC-hh, a proton-proton collider reaching energies well beyond 10 TeV. The document also asserts that a linear collider at CERN is a competitive second option, with similar Higgs and top physics potential and a flexible upgrade path, and that the LHC and HL-LHC should be fully exploited in parallel with any new facility.

Load-bearing premise

The recommendation takes as given, rather than proving, that an $e^+e^-$ Higgs factory is the field's highest-priority next collider and that FCC-ee can be built affordably and on schedule.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If FCC-ee is built, electroweak precision measurements at the Z pole would improve by one to two orders of magnitude over LEP.
FCC-ee would open the path to FCC-hh, extending direct exploration to energies well beyond 10 TeV.
A CERN linear collider would remain a viable second option, with similar Higgs and top physics potential and a flexible upgrade path.
The LHC and HL-LHC programmes should be fully exploited alongside any new collider.
CERN should keep supporting fixed-target, non-collider, and novel accelerator R&D to preserve diversity of discovery approaches.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The priority order is borrowed from earlier strategy documents; if CERN's FCC feasibility studies were to fail on cost or schedule, the paper's main recommendation would need to be re-examined, and the 'second option' framing looks designed to keep Poland influential either way.
The document's emphasis on stable, long-term funding for instrumentation and theory suggests a structural worry that short grant cycles cannot sustain the multi-decade effort a Higgs factory requires.
A testable implication is that Polish participation in FCC detector and accelerator R&D will grow only if the European strategy endorses FCC; the paper's declared willingness to engage is a commitment contingent on that endorsement.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

You should know this is a national position paper, not a physics result. The Polish community's recommendation—FCC-ee first, a linear collider second—rests on the 2020 ESPPU and CERN's FCC feasibility work, not on new analysis. That is the correct structure for this genre, and the document is transparent about borrowing that premise.

What it does well: it is a carefully compiled snapshot of Polish HEP. The backup document lists institutions, people, hardware contributions, and current projects in enough detail to be useful for anyone planning European collaborations. The process described (two town hall meetings, expert groups) indicates genuine community consultation. The document also covers non-collider physics, computing, and outreach, giving a broad view of what the community wants to protect.

Soft spots: the claim in Section IX that Polish competences cover "approximately 80% of key components" of superconducting accelerators is vague and unquantified, but it is not load-bearing for the main recommendation. The physics case for FCC-ee is inherited; if you doubt the prioritization, you need to read the cited CERN and ESPPU documents, not this paper. There are small editorial slips (the misspelled "conlusions" heading) but nothing that affects content. The document has no new measurements, no derivations, and no testable predictions—that is not a flaw given its purpose.

Who should read it: anyone tracking the ESPPU process, particularly committee members wanting to understand Polish priorities and capabilities. It is also a useful reference for science-policy studies of national input documents. It is not aimed at physicists seeking new results.

Recommendation: I would not desk-reject this. It is not a research paper and standard peer review of its physics claims would be beside the point, but the ESPPU process needs these national inputs to be taken seriously. Route it to the relevant strategy body as a genuine community statement. For arXiv, it is harmless and appropriate as a record. I would not cite it in my own research, but I would bring it to a reading group focused on the ESPPU if we were discussing national positions.

Referee Report

0 major / 9 minor

Summary. This manuscript is the Polish national input to the 2026 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics. It opens with an executive summary recommending that CERN host a flagship circular collider project, with FCC-ee as the preferred first step toward FCC-hh, and a linear collider facility at CERN as the second option for an e+e- Higgs factory. The body summarizes Polish activities in electroweak/Higgs physics, BSM and dark matter searches, flavour physics, strong interactions, neutrino and astroparticle physics, instrumentation, theory, accelerator technologies, computing, and education/outreach, followed by general conclusions. A separate backup document provides personnel and funding numbers, institutional tables, and detailed references. The scientific priority ordering is explicitly inherited from the 2020 ESPPU and from CERN's FCC feasibility program rather than re-derived in this document; the document's own contribution is the community capability inventory and the national preference ranking.

Significance. For a national input of this kind, the document is fit for purpose and generally well structured. It does not claim a new physics result, and none is needed: a strategy submission legitimately imports the scientific case from prior ESPPU and CERN documents. The document's strengths are its explicit consultation process (two Town Hall meetings, topical expert teams), concrete staffing numbers (~365 FTE staff, ~190 students, ~130 engineers/technicians), and an unusually detailed, well-referenced inventory of contributions to LHC, HL-LHC, and non-CERN projects. The main risk to the central recommendation is external - if ongoing FCC feasibility studies fail on cost, schedule, or physics grounds, the headline priority loses its foundation - but this is not an internal inconsistency and does not by itself weaken the document for its intended use.

minor comments (9)

[XII (heading)] The heading 'General conlusions and recommendations' contains a typo ('conlusions'), and Section VII contains 'recomendations'; a full proofread for spelling is needed.
[IX] The statement that Polish competences cover 'approximately 80% of key components and technologies of superconducting Big Science accelerators' needs a defined basis for the 80% figure (list of components counted, source); otherwise it is an unsupported quantitative self-assessment.
[IX] The claim that 'accumulated Polish supplies to CERN and other laboratories exceed 100 MEuro' is concrete and unverifiable from the material in the document; please add a reference or state that it is an internal estimate.
[XII] The phrase 'FCC-ee offers a unique possibility to probe the Higgs-electron coupling' is imprecise as written; the leading FCC-ee production mode is e+e- -> ZH, and the direct electron Yukawa is not the standard probe at 240-365 GeV. Please rephrase to avoid a misleading physics claim.
[Backup Sec. 5.1] The statement 'studies in beauty sector showed CPV up to 75%' should specify what the 75% refers to (e.g., the size of an observed CP asymmetry in a particular decay) so that it is not read as a universal bound.
[I] The first mention of a 'linear collider facility at CERN' appears in the executive summary before the option is introduced; consider naming the Linear Collider Facility (LCF) at first use to avoid ambiguity with earlier linear-collider studies.
[IX] The project name is written both 'POLFEL' and 'PolFEL'; please use one spelling throughout, with the acronym expansion at first use.
[X] The recommendation of 'an annual increase of around 20% in resources for major computing centres' should state the baseline year and the time horizon over which the growth should apply.
[V] The phrase 'all over the word' in the first sentence of Section V should read 'all over the world.'

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the document is a policy preference explicitly grounded in prior ESPPU and CERN FCC studies, not a derivation from fitted inputs.

full rationale

This national input document makes no technical derivation claim. Its central recommendation—that FCC-ee be the top priority and a linear collider at CERN the second option—is stated as a community preference and openly traced to prior strategic documents. Section XII says: 'Previous updates of the European Strategy pointed to the e+e− Higgs factory as the highest priority next large infrastructure. In recent years, CERN has firmly established the FCC as its preferred flagship project in the post-LHC era.' The load-bearing premise is therefore borrowed from the 2020 ESPPU and CERN feasibility work, which is the normal and appropriate structure for a national strategy input; it does not need to re-derive the FCC-ee physics case. There is no fitted parameter renamed as a prediction, no equation whose output equals its input by construction, and no uniqueness theorem imported from the authors' prior work. The cited prior contributions by Polish groups are descriptive of community competence and are not load-bearing for the recommendation. The identified weakness—that the recommendation would lose its foundation if ongoing FCC feasibility studies fail—is an external contingency, not an internal circular step. Accordingly, the circularity score is 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 2 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No free parameters or invented entities are introduced. The paper's scientific premise is imported from the 2020 ESPPU and CERN FCC studies; this is a legitimate use of consensus but means the document adds no independent evidence for its priority ranking.

assumptions (2)

domain assumption The 2020 ESPPU determination that an e+e- Higgs factory is the highest-priority next collider remains scientifically valid.
Invoked in Sections II and XII to justify the FCC-ee recommendation, without re-derivation in this paper.
domain assumption CERN's FCC feasibility studies and cost assessments are reliable enough to support a national recommendation.
The document repeatedly cites CERN's established FCC preference and preparation status as a given, rather than evaluating the feasibility data itself.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Polish national input to the 2026 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/WMXMGYRE

@misc{pith2026250420257,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Polish national input to the 2026 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/WMXMGYRE}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2504.20257}
}

read the original abstract

The Polish high energy physics (HEP) community fully recognizes the urgent need to host at CERN a flagship project implementing a broad, long-term, and comprehensive vision of particle physics research and pursuing technological advances. Thus, we give preference and declare willingness to actively engage and participate in every aspect of the FCC project (both FCC-ee and FCC-hh), particularly accelerator development, detector construction, theoretical calculations, and physics analyses. As the e+e- Higgs Factory is the top priority for our field, the proposal to build a linear collider facility at CERN, opening up complementary physics prospects, should be considered as the second option. Polish teams declare strong support and are fully committed to contribute to the full exploitation of all aspects of the physics potential of the LHC and the HL-LHC programmes. To ensure the long-term development of particle physics, we also support the continuation of the high-field magnet research programme, as well as investigating other scenarios including, in particular, linear acceleration techniques and new acceleration technologies such as plasma acceleration, the muon collider and Gamma Factory. In addition, CERN should continue to provide support to fixed-target programmes at SPS as well as other non-collider and non-accelerator experiments at CERN. Participation in major projects conducted in and outside Europe should also be fostered. Education, communication, and outreach of particle physics are of paramount importance for the future of our field. An increased effort coordinated at the European level and resources allocated in all Member States are essential to effectively support future large-scale particle physics projects.

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