Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs

As of 20 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 42 of 42 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.06296.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.06296 v1

Coverage vector

measured 42 of 42 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.336799Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-20T13:36:24.853780Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-20T13:38:19.232601Z

Reference resolution

42 of 42 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy6
unresolved35
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d0dd238c-0296-4e7e-a6be-22c46f39ddcc · outbound

This paper cites Automated Medical Report Generation for ECG Data: Bridging Medical Text and Signal Processing with Deep Learning.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Automated Medical Report Generation for ECG Data: Bridging Medical Text and Signal Processing with Deep Learning

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.586175Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 860f57f0-6ded-4f82-a5f9-a774731ee520 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:48.010647Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 3b860375-a1af-4db3-9592-6862696d22e0 · outbound

This paper cites Denkowski and A.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Denkowski and A

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.996229Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 5c521d57-9d9b-463f-b8d7-1f5e96eee5ad · outbound

This paper cites The Faiss library.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs The Faiss library

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.170855Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 49659a15-7a8a-480f-b12a-6d54a4f61fea · outbound

This paper cites Gopal, R.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Gopal, R

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.981142Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 0c2a1c63-37a5-4fbd-826d-13c8f6174b7b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.965392Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 406abc4b-4910-477c-a68a-2296c4bd5b72 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.950283Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 6d3eee33-25b7-4ad7-a4cd-d0c6554350b2 · outbound

This paper cites LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.189558Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4215aa11-edba-4539-af37-d3f7cb711ba1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.934948Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 7a92af3c-c37f-4799-a9bd-0f51ab08368f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.918967Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c6279532-a177-4fea-aa56-a7ebf674b32f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.903962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation bebeb669-5a21-4030-90de-ff97972653c1 · outbound

This paper cites Kiyasseh, T.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Kiyasseh, T

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.206019Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f4e30a3d-cb7d-482a-93d9-552ef27ff91d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.877340Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation a1f70fe9-11f5-4fbe-856b-70d4034e5804 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.213907Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 453e83f8-f7df-486b-ad7e-16c8a94db90e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.850260Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 43c14366-c651-4462-8728-e3528b8c1f54 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.834878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c84655a3-18f0-426c-a098-d484c2508c1b · outbound

This paper cites BioMedGPT: Open Multimodal Generative Pre-trained Transformer for BioMedicine.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs BioMedGPT: Open Multimodal Generative Pre-trained Transformer for BioMedicine

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.225201Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 943fdb7c-cd35-4382-844a-bfcb41b65d1f · outbound

This paper cites Llama 3.2 1b instruct, 2024.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Llama 3.2 1b instruct, 2024

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.820513Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation f04408f2-a1e4-4cd8-a09b-91b33e863abe · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.804989Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 755cc176-43a3-4cb4-9c6e-9e887b8f1f17 · outbound

This paper cites Guiding Masked Representation Learning to Capture Spatio-Temporal Relationship of Electrocardiogram.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Guiding Masked Representation Learning to Capture Spatio-Temporal Relationship of Electrocardiogram

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.237455Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 63bb32f0-390f-4b31-a2c8-c69b417fbf3f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.789171Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation ee975923-e9df-4688-8d20-842b563b1a6d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.771987Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 61510dcc-a901-43e8-a2b2-8a91c8780910 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Democratization of Subspeciality Medical Expertise.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Towards Democratization of Subspeciality Medical Expertise

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.250342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c01ad79f-10ac-48c7-8de2-f357d39a5611 · outbound

This paper cites Papineni, S.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Papineni, S

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.255355Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 59f531de-b707-4fa4-9d96-97f2ab406a31 · outbound

This paper cites Boosting Masked ECG-Text Auto-Encoders as Discriminative Learners.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Boosting Masked ECG-Text Auto-Encoders as Discriminative Learners

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.260391Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4614f0d0-7b18-47ac-90e5-1d0377f4cc19 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.745039Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c2b1f68e-93e6-4777-9aea-3a632d1d0e1d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.729361Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c6b9a765-c549-4c27-809b-9147be2c443e · outbound

This paper cites Capabilities of Gemini Models in Medicine.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Capabilities of Gemini Models in Medicine

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.275342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f53b6d3a-382e-4b91-ab24-babf9dd1d8ad · outbound

This paper cites Electrocardiogram-Language Model for Few-Shot Question Answering with Meta Learning.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Electrocardiogram-Language Model for Few-Shot Question Answering with Meta Learning

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.280392Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b3bfb842-f105-443d-aa6c-2f7d40bead7e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.713542Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 9066541e-7544-4a80-a8d2-58bf2d30df8c · outbound

This paper cites Wagner, N.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Wagner, N

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.697858Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation a5a4b8bb-315a-426e-849d-b3503f953e38 · outbound

This paper cites MEIT: Multimodal Electrocardiogram Instruction Tuning on Large Language Models for Report Generation.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs MEIT: Multimodal Electrocardiogram Instruction Tuning on Large Language Models for Report Generation

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.294138Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0ca554d9-1906-42b8-bf4f-4851369b93ca · outbound

This paper cites ECG-Expert-QA: A Benchmark for Evaluating Medical Large Language Models in Heart Disease Diagnosis.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs ECG-Expert-QA: A Benchmark for Evaluating Medical Large Language Models in Heart Disease Diagnosis

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.298953Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d3bc656b-7ec7-44e1-b0a6-724c04d33b22 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.681820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 87c657c5-6463-42db-9691-7bdb0974c112 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.666337Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 582d49cf-006c-4d2a-b549-df6220d2cbd4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.650355Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation f1e9edd3-8e65-4024-b5f6-edb8e5b0a463 · outbound

This paper cites ECG Semantic Integrator (ESI): A Foundation ECG Model Pretrained with LLM-Enhanced Cardiological Text.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs ECG Semantic Integrator (ESI): A Foundation ECG Model Pretrained with LLM-Enhanced Cardiological Text

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.315450Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 21815e45-dc5f-40fb-a6cf-e93026086887 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.634601Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 8d500ad3-60c7-457d-8aee-f009524a4b15 · outbound

This paper cites BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.323989Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1e718403-443f-4179-8aff-358dc9ba934f · outbound

This paper cites Zhang, L.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Zhang, L

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.618355Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 485f022b-bd39-4bf9-8990-e22d54abfb80 · outbound

This paper cites ECG-Chat: A Large ECG-Language Model for Cardiac Disease Diagnosis.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs ECG-Chat: A Large ECG-Language Model for Cardiac Disease Diagnosis

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.332216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 37b5a456-18a3-4fd8-83b8-9ed245a30554 · outbound

This paper cites Zhong, O.

Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs Zhong, O

Reference 42

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:31:47.602261Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation f998a80a-963b-4e0d-8427-fe7ef8b9fb67 · inbound

ECG Foundation Models and Medical LLMs for Agentic Cardiovascular Intelligence at the Edge: A Review and Outlook cites this paper.

ECG Foundation Models and Medical LLMs for Agentic Cardiovascular Intelligence at the Edge: A Review and Outlook Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs

Reference 63

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T20:28:14.241313Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c49e43d9-cda2-4a3f-8fcd-f63592eb88cf · inbound

Reasoning Before Diagnosis: Physician-Inspired Structured Thinking for ECG Classification cites this paper.

Reasoning Before Diagnosis: Physician-Inspired Structured Thinking for ECG Classification Q-Heart: ECG Question Answering via Knowledge-Informed Multimodal LLMs

Reference 22

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-20T13:38:19.238200Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.