Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2

As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 23 of 23 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2505.11643.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.11643 v1

Coverage vector

measured 23 of 23 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.230309Z

measured 24 of 24 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T16:17:42.693259Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-06T16:17:47.436680Z

Reference resolution

23 of 23 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy6
unresolved17
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation c59491d6-add5-4271-83cd-3d73a1d53476 · outbound

This paper cites Louradour, R.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Louradour, R

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.834356Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 9f830219-702b-41cc-ada6-d6ed3662e6c1 · outbound

This paper cites Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, J.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, J

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.818465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 0869882d-cf7b-4d80-b145-39436587591c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.678662Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 5eb18b6b-f51c-4df9-a892-b7084f39b14c · outbound

This paper cites University, Melbourne, and 4 others.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 University, Melbourne, and 4 others

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.663870Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 1ccbda65-362f-48a9-98f3-22c15e484552 · outbound

This paper cites Scott, and Dinglong Huang.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Scott, and Dinglong Huang

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.647865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 2e91dea3-66f9-42cf-a727-c784bf727e59 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.631730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation c8795ec6-3e6f-48c3-87dc-b3cfbb6dfaa9 · outbound

This paper cites Lomeli, Lucas Hosseini, F.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Lomeli, Lucas Hosseini, F

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.616350Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 350d0c1f-87a1-43d9-9cea-b8eb40122d8f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.600694Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation cec4129f-1096-4bf2-b15b-83633f7a31bd · outbound

This paper cites Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.150460Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d9dca44-630d-41c6-bb30-e4f7d03d36f5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.584675Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 2113046c-9f4d-40ec-a3d6-b2fe8e577dca · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.568214Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 8e5ecb39-820f-4290-97fb-d6ac99f9d8a2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.550467Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation c678013b-f9b0-4ead-b7a4-6b90b10f6c6b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.530664Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 8625f6aa-04f3-4396-ba70-4ddda284c10a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.512921Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation ef895ff9-452e-4b90-8371-944e650f5d47 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.494963Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation da88ef92-b0ea-4c6d-8ce3-445884b387ac · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.477663Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 0bdffde4-31e0-4897-b15a-b482ff585456 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.193430Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2dbd263b-ece4-4be1-b6f7-f25033b813af · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.461317Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 9b0a4e4d-0913-4605-8109-affb0decf189 · outbound

This paper cites Yang, Ninghao Liu, Huiqi Deng, Hengyi Cai, Shuaiqiang Wang, Dawei Yin, and Mengnan Du.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Yang, Ninghao Liu, Huiqi Deng, Hengyi Cai, Shuaiqiang Wang, Dawei Yin, and Mengnan Du

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.445137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 8f2952d5-e4d1-433a-aa99-222adf2e90e7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.429457Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 69f745ab-01a1-4b92-ab26-a0436b39f16a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.413246Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 00ea710a-fd9f-456f-af0b-ba6094c85ebb · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.224127Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 17c7ec12-2302-4bbd-b1c2-b6d17468662a · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2 write newline

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:54:05.230309Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation dd6feb12-bbba-4bef-a5bc-813227719212 · inbound

Bottom-up Domain-specific Superintelligence: A Reliable Knowledge Graph is What We Need cites this paper.

Bottom-up Domain-specific Superintelligence: A Reliable Knowledge Graph is What We Need Can an Easy-to-Hard Curriculum Make Reasoning Emerge in Small Language Models? Evidence from a Four-Stage Curriculum on GPT-2

Reference 87

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T16:17:47.485766Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.