Study of the hottest droplet of fluid through correlations and fluctuations of collective variables

Rupam Samanta

REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 300 references

Study of the hottest droplet of fluid through correlations and fluctuations of collective variables

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read The thesis argues that event-by-event fluctuations of mean transverse momentum and harmonic flow in ultracentral Pb+Pb collisions are captured by a correlated two-variable Gaussian model, and that flow-vector decorrelation between…

desk verdict A competent thesis compilation of six published papers; the headline ATLAS-variance explanation is fit-based, and the skewness/kurtosis predictions are untested extrapolations. read the letter →

arxiv 2505.12961 v1 pith:4JMTGVCL submitted 2025-05-19 nucl-th hep-ph

Rupam Samanta This is my paper · ORCID

classification nucl-thhep-ph

keywords quark-gluonplasmameantransversemomentumfluctuationsharmonicflowfactorizationbreakingdecorrelationultracentralheavy-ioncollisionsnucleardeformationinitial-state

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This thesis argues that event-by-event fluctuations of the hot, dense fluid formed in heavy-ion collisions can be read off from correlations among a handful of bulk observables: the per-event mean transverse momentum [pT], the harmonic flow coefficients v_n, and the charged multiplicity Nch. Its central demonstration is that the surprisingly steep drop in the variance of [pT] measured by ATLAS in ultracentral Pb+Pb collisions is naturally produced by a model in which Nch and [pT] fluctuate together as a two-dimensional Gaussian, with most of the ultracentral signal coming from impact-parameter fluctuations. The same framework yields skewness and kurtosis predictions for [pT]. For flow, it shows that event-by-event fluctuations break the factorization of flow vectors between different transverse-momentum bins, and that this breaking splits roughly equally into flow-magnitude and flow-angle decorrelation—a pattern that a toy model explains. If these claims hold, the observables put new constraints on the initial state and on nuclear deformation parameters.

What carries the argument

The main object of the thesis is a family of correlation coefficients built from per-event flow vectors. The first-order factorization-breaking coefficient $r_n(p_1,p_2)=\langle V_n(p_1)V_n^*(p_2)\rangle/\sqrt{\langle v_n^2(p_1)\rangle\langle v_n^2(p_2)\rangle}$ measures how much flow vectors in two $p_T$ bins decorrelate; a momentum-averaged version $r_n(p)=\langle V_n V_n^*(p)\rangle/\sqrt{\langle v_n^2\rangle\langle v_n^2(p)\rangle}$ removes the statistics problem of needing two particles in the same bin. Second-order analogues built from $V_n^2$ allow the decorrelation to be split into magnitude and angle parts. For $[p_T]$, the workhorse is a correlated two-dimensional Gaussian $P(N_{\rm ch},[p_T])$ whose parameters are fitted to the ATLAS variance; from it the conditional variance ${\rm Var}([p_T]\mid N_{\rm ch})$ is derived, and skewness and kurtosis of $[p_T]$ are predicted. This combination of flow-vector correlators and a Gaussian moment model carries the whole argument.

What would settle it

Measure the skewness of the [pT] distribution in ultracentral Pb+Pb events; if its sign or centrality dependence disagrees with the correlated-Gaussian prediction presented in Chapter 4, the central model is ruled out even though the variance fit may look good. A second, independent check is to bin by a centrality estimator that does not rely on charged multiplicity and test the predicted impact-parameter-fluctuation contribution to Var([pT]).

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the central claim is that event-by-event fluctuations of [pT] and v_n in ultracentral Pb+Pb collisions are not noise but information: they encode the same initial-state fluctuations that set the size and shape of the fireball. In the model developed here, the joint distribution of charged multiplicity Nch and [pT] is a two-dimensional Gaussian whose covariance is fixed using the ATLAS variance data, and the steep fall of Var([pT]) with centrality is then a direct consequence, with impact-parameter fluctuations playing the dominant role. The thesis further claims that fluctuations of harmonic flow can be probed by factorization-breaking coefficients between flow vectors in different pT bins, and that the resulting decorrelation decomposes into roughly equal flow-magnitude and flow-angle decorrelation. Correlations of [pT] with $v_n^{2}$, including higher-order symmetric cumulants, are presented as maps of initial-state shape-size correlations, and the same observables are shown to constrain nuclear deformation in U+U collisions.

Load-bearing premise

The result collapses if the joint event-by-event distribution of Nch and [pT] is not close to a two-dimensional Gaussian: the model's variance explanation and its skewness and kurtosis predictions both come from that Gaussian, and its parameters are fitted to a single experimental variance curve.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

The steep fall of Var([pT]) in ultracentral Pb+Pb becomes a natural consequence of impact-parameter fluctuations in a correlated Gaussian model, so no exotic source of [pT] fluctuation is needed.
The predicted skewness and kurtosis of [pT] can be checked against future measurements and would give independent constraints on the initial-state size-shape correlation.
The factorization-breaking coefficients r_n(p), r_{n;2}(p), and F_n(p) provide experimental probes of flow fluctuations, with the near-equal split between magnitude and angle decorrelation as a testable signature.
Pearson correlations between [pT] and v_n^2, together with higher-order symmetric cumulants, map initial-state shape-size correlations and add constraints beyond the usual flow measurements.
The same correlation and fluctuation observables, applied to U+U collisions, can place robust constraints on nuclear deformation parameters.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

A direct extension would be to measure the conditional variance Var([pT]|Nch) at fixed charged multiplicity; the correlated-Gaussian model makes a precise prediction for this conditional moment, and it is not the same as the centrality-binned variance shown by ATLAS, so it would be an independent test.
If the same two-dimensional Gaussian construction is applied to smaller systems such as p+Pb or low-multiplicity Pb+Pb, it would likely break down; observing where it breaks could quantify how non-Gaussian the initial-state fluctuations become.
If the near-equal split between magnitude and angle decorrelation persists event-class by event-class, experimental analyses could save statistics by measuring only the easier magnitude correlator and reconstructing the vector decorrelation from it; if it fails, that itself signals correlations between flow magnitude and angle that the toy model averages away.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Bottom line: this is a doctoral thesis assembled from six peer-reviewed papers. If you want the unified story and the definitions of the new correlation observables, it is a fine place to look. But the abstract's claim that the model 'can explain the steep fall' of the ATLAS variance is weaker than it sounds: the correlated-Gaussian parameters are fitted to that same variance in Sec. 4.1.5, so the 'explanation' is not a parameter-free prediction. The skewness and kurtosis predictions in Sec. 4.2 are extrapolations of that fitted Gaussian; a Gaussian has zero skewness and fixed kurtosis, so their non-Gaussian content comes entirely from the assumed impact-parameter distribution, which the variance data do not constrain. That is a real soft spot, and the stress-test note is on target.

What the thesis does well is organize a set of useful observables: factorization-breaking coefficients between flow vectors in different pT bins (including the momentum-averaged version that eases experimental measurement), Pearson correlations between [pT] and v_n^2, higher-order symmetric cumulants, and the deformation studies in U+U. These come from the author's published papers (PRC 104-109), and the hydro simulations are standard, with comparisons to ALICE and ATLAS data. The momentum-dependent correlation's sensitivity to the nucleon width is a concrete, useful result.

The main soft spot, beyond Chapter 4, is that the thesis is explicitly a compilation: it does not present new unpublished results. That is fine for a dissertation, but for an arXiv item it limits the novelty. Also, no code or parameter files are provided, so the quantitative claims are not independently reproducible from the manuscript itself. The 'thermalization at the femtoscale' wording in the associated publication overreaches what a Gaussian fit can tell you; the thesis repeats that framing.

For a referee: the underlying science is mostly sound, and the Chapter 4 issue is a legitimate request for reframing rather than a fatal flaw. I would send this to peer review if it were submitted to a journal, with the expectation that Chapter 4 be rewritten to emphasize the fitted-parameter dependence and that the skewness/kurtosis predictions be explicitly flagged as untested until data check them. As it stands, the thesis is a reasonable resource for someone entering the field or wanting the definitions in one place.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. This doctoral thesis studies event-by-event fluctuations and correlations of collective observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, focusing on mean transverse momentum per particle [pT] and harmonic flow coefficients v_n. The main results are organized in three chapters: (i) factorization-breaking coefficients between flow vectors in different p_T bins, including experimentally feasible versions with one momentum-averaged flow, and a decomposition into flow-magnitude and flow-angle decorrelation; (ii) an explanation of the steep fall of Var([pT]) in ultracentral Pb+Pb collisions reported by ATLAS, based on a correlated two-dimensional Gaussian model for (N_ch, [pT]) with impact-parameter fluctuations, together with predicted skewness and kurtosis; and (iii) Pearson correlation coefficients between [pT] and v_n^2, higher-order normalized and symmetric cumulants, momentum-dependent correlations sensitive to nucleon width, and applications to nuclear deformation. The results are obtained with standard Glauber or TRENTo initial conditions followed by 2+1D viscous hydrodynamic evolution with MUSIC, and are compared with ALICE and ATLAS data.

Significance. If the results hold, the thesis makes several useful contributions: the factorization-breaking coefficients in Sec. 3.2 provide new, experimentally accessible observables that separate magnitude and angle decorrelation; the skewness and kurtosis predictions in Sec. 4.2 are falsifiable and would constrain the initial-state mechanism behind [pT] fluctuations; and the correlation/cumulant constructions in Chapter 5 give additional handles on initial-state granularity and nuclear deformation. The thesis is based on a series of published papers, and it reproduces the relevant published figures with the hydrodynamic setups. The use of explicit model-to-data comparisons for the factorization-breaking coefficients, and the analytic derivations for the correlated Gaussian variance in Chapter 4, are strengths. However, the central explanatory claim of Chapter 4 is weakened by the fact that the Gaussian parameters are fitted to the very ATLAS variance the model is said to explain, and the advertised skewness/kurtosis predictions are extrapolations of that fitted ansatz.

major comments (3)

[Sec. 4.1.3–4.1.5] The abstract's central claim that the model "can explain the steep fall" of Var([pT]) is not supported at the level of an explanation, because the parameters of the two-dimensional Gaussian (multiplicity width, [pT] width, and correlation) are fitted to the ATLAS variance data in Sec. 4.1.5. Agreement with the fitted variance is therefore partly by construction. Moreover, for a bivariate Gaussian, Var([pT]|N_ch) is independent of N_ch, so the observed centrality/ultracentral fall must be generated by allowing the parameters to vary with N_ch; the fit has enough freedom to absorb the effect without independently constraining the physical mechanism. Please reframe the claim as a successful two-parameter description and provide an independent cross-check, for example by fixing the Gaussian parameters from separate moments or from a different centrality range before comparing with the steep fall.
[Sec. 4.2.1–4.2.3] The skewness and kurtosis predictions are advertised as "robust" (abstract and Sec. 4.2.3), but a bivariate Gaussian has zero skewness and kurtosis equal to 3; all non-Gaussian content in the results comes from the assumed distribution of impact parameters and the assumed linear relation between N_ch and [pT]. The variance fit does not constrain the tails of these distributions, so the skewness and kurtosis predictions are untested extrapolations. To make the claim robust, the authors should test sensitivity to alternative impact-parameter distributions or centrality-selection prescriptions, or compare directly with experimental data; otherwise the predictions should be presented as model-dependent estimates rather than robust predictions.
[Sec. 3.2.2, Eq. (3.61) and (3.68)] The statement that flow-vector decorrelation "can be attributed to equal contributions from the flow magnitude and flow angle decorrelation" is formulated as a general result, but the evidence is an approximate equality observed in the specific Glauber+MUSIC and TRENTo+MUSIC calculations and in a toy model. The thesis itself notes that non-flow correlations can modify the comparison with data, and the decomposition into equal halves may depend on the harmonic, centrality, and the v_n^4 weighting used in the angle correlator. Please qualify this as a model-level approximate relation rather than a universal property, or provide a derivation that states the conditions under which the relation holds.

minor comments (4)

[Fig. 3.13 caption] The caption refers to "Fig. 3.59" where the intended cross-reference appears to be a later figure in the same section; this should be corrected.
[Throughout] The TRENTo model is spelled inconsistently as "TRENTo" and "TRENTO"; please unify the notation. Also, the symbol p is used both for transverse momentum and for the TRENTo reduced-thickness parameter, which is confusing in places; a distinct symbol for the model parameter would improve readability.
[Sec. 2.6.1] The sentence introducing the TRENTo acronym is garbled: "TRENTo which reads asReduced Thickness Event-by-event Nuclear Topology" is missing punctuation and a space. Please revise the sentence.
[Eq. (3.62) and Fig. 3.16] The comparison between the factorization-breaking coefficient and the Pearson correlation coefficient would be clearer if the figure legend explicitly identified which curve corresponds to Eq. (3.62) and which to Eq. (3.60); the current caption requires the reader to infer this from the text.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 4.0 of 10

The steep-fall explanation for Var([pT]) is a fit to the ATLAS variance data, so presenting it as an explanation is partly circular; the skewness/kurtosis and factorization-breaking predictions remain independent.

fitted input called prediction [Abstract and Chapter 4 outline (Secs. 4.1.3–4.1.5, App. B.2)]
"We study fluctuations of mean transverse momentum per particle ([pT]) in ultra-central collisions and show that our model can explain the steep fall of its variance observed by the ATLAS collaboration. [...] We perform a model fit to the ATLAS data and based on our fit results we provide crucial physical argument that could be responsible behind such phenomena."

The two-dimensional Gaussian model of (Nch, [pT]) is calibrated by fitting the ATLAS Var([pT]) data, as stated in the outline ('We perform a model fit to the ATLAS data'). The abstract then presents the reproduction of that same fitted variance as an explanation ('our model can explain the steep fall of its variance'). The fall is therefore not independently derived or predicted; it is the input of the fit. The 'predictions for mean <delta pT>' (Sec. 4.1.5) are also determined by the same fitted covariance parameters, so they are constrained consequences of the fit rather than free predictions. The genuinely independent content is the skewness/kurtosis extrapolation and the factorization-breaking analyses, which are not fitted to the variance data.

full rationale

Most of the thesis is a set of self-contained definitions and model calculations: factorization-breaking coefficients are defined as correlation coefficients of flow vectors, the equal magnitude/angle decorrelation follows from a toy model and is compared with ALICE data, and the Pearson-correlation and deformation studies are predictions checked against external measurements. No load-bearing uniqueness theorem or self-citation chain is invoked. The only substantial circularity concern is the Chapter 4 variance claim: the correlated Gaussian parameters are fitted to the ATLAS Var([pT]) data, so the statement that the model 'explains the steep fall' is a calibration statement rather than an independent prediction. This does not invalidate the skewness and kurtosis predictions, which are extrapolations to moments not used in the fit, but the variance explanation itself reduces in part to its own input. Score 4 reflects this partial circularity while acknowledging the independent predictive content elsewhere in the thesis.

Assumptions & free parameters 4 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard hydrodynamic modeling plus a fitted Gaussian fluctuation model. The main free parameters are the Gaussian parameters fitted to ATLAS data and the TRENTo/hydro parameters taken from defaults or prior constraints. No invented physical entities such as new particles or forces appear; the new objects are correlation observables, which are mathematical constructions rather than physical entities.

free parameters (4)

Correlated Gaussian parameters for (Nch, [pT]) = Not specified in the excerpt; fitted to ATLAS variance data
Chapter 4 fits the two-dimensional Gaussian model to ATLAS Var([pT]) to reproduce the steep fall; these centrality-dependent parameters carry the central variance claim.
TRENTo reduced thickness parameter p = 0 (default)
TRENTo initial conditions use p=0 unless otherwise stated; this choice affects the granularity and correlation predictions in Chapters 3-6.
Nucleon Gaussian width w in TRENTo = 0.6 fm default; varied to test sensitivity
Section 5.2.2 shows the momentum-dependent Pearson correlator is sensitive to w; the value is chosen by hand from the TRENTo default rather than fitted here.
Shear viscosity to entropy ratio eta/s = 0.08, with 0.12 and 0.16 variations
MUSIC simulations throughout use eta/s=0.08; variations are shown in Sec. 3.2.3 to test sensitivity of mixed-flow correlations.

assumptions (4)

domain assumption Boost-invariant 2+1D viscous hydrodynamics is sufficient for the studied central-rapidity observables.
Secs. 2.6.3 and 'Simulation set-up' state that all results use boost-invariant MUSIC with no pre-equilibrium phase and no hadronic afterburner, which is a standard but nontrivial modeling choice.
domain assumption Initial state models (MC Glauber, TRENTo) capture the event-by-event fluctuations that drive final-state correlations.
Chapters 3-6 rely on these initial conditions to generate flow fluctuations; if the models miss relevant fluctuation sources, the factorization-breaking and cumulant predictions fail.
domain assumption Residual non-flow correlations are either negligible or identifiable by comparing model and data.
Chapter 3 attributes high-pT discrepancies in r2;2 and r_v2^2 to non-flow, but the quantitative non-flow contribution is not subtracted in the model-data comparisons.
ad hoc to paper The joint event-by-event distribution of Nch and [pT] is a two-dimensional Gaussian.
Introduced in Sec. 4.1.3 to derive Var([pT]|Nch) and then skewness and kurtosis; the Gaussian shape is fitted to ATLAS variance data rather than derived from first principles.

how reviews work

0 comments

Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Study of the hottest droplet of fluid through correlations and fluctuations of collective variables." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/4JMTGVCL

@misc{pith2026250512961,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Study of the hottest droplet of fluid through correlations and fluctuations of collective variables},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/4JMTGVCL}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2505.12961}
}

abstract

In this thesis, we focus on the fluctuations and correlations of the collective observables such as the mean transverse momentum per particle ($[p_T]$) and harmonic flow coefficients ($v_n$) of particles produced in the ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC. Specifically, we show that the fluctuations of harmonic flow can be probed by the factorization-breaking coefficients between flow vectors in different $p_T$-bins. Experimental difficulty can be reduced by taking one of the flow vectors momentum averaged. Fluctuations cause a decorrelation between the flow vectors, which can be attributed to equal contributions from the flow magnitude and flow angle decorrelation. We study fluctuations of mean transverse momentum per particle ($[p_T]$) in ultra-central collisions and show that our model can explain the steep fall of its variance observed by the ATLAS collaboration. We also present robust predictions for the skewness and kurtosis, and highlight the role of impact parameter fluctuations in ultracentral collisions. We study the Pearson correlation coefficients between $[p_T]$ and $v_n^2$, which can map the initial state correlations between the shape and size of the fireball. We show that higher order normalized and symmetric cumulants between these observables can be constructed, which put useful additional constraints on the initial state properties. Furthermore, we study the momentum dependent Pearson correlation between $[p_T]$ and the transverse momentum dependent flow. It shows sensitivity to the Gaussian width of the nucleon at the initial state. Finally, we show that such correlations and fluctuations of collective observables can be used to study nuclear deformation and put robust constraints on their deformation parameters through high energy nuclear collisions.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2505.12961 by the authors.

**Figure 1.** The aerial view of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), located at the Brookhaven [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_1.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 1.** The aerial view of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), located at CERN near the France [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_1.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (73 more)

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: Collective flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision seen from the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_1.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Schematic representation of the geometry of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision (Pb+Pb) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Space-time representation of the collision in (t,z) plane. The vertical axis represents time and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Woods-Saxon density distribution for lead (red) , copper (blue) and oxygen (green) nucleus. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Schematic representation of Pb+Pb collision on the transverse plane at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Final state multiplicity distribution ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Schematic representation of the geometry of optical Glauber model with longitudinal (b) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: The running coupling of QCD, as a function of energy (momentum) scale [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Schematic representation of different stages in heavy-ion collision along with the timeline for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p052_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Space-time diagram of different stages of heavy-ion collision. There exist a preequilibrium [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Reduced thickness in the collision of two nucleons at some non-zero impact parameter along [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p057_2.png]

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Schematic representation of the QCD phase diagram. It is shown that the phase transition and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p063_2.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Schematic representation of the almond shaped fireball formation in a non-central Pb+Pb [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p068_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Pictorial depiction of the reaction plane and participant plane in a collision. The area with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p070_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Pictorial representation of the participant eccentricity harmonics. The principal axes or [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p071_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Event-averaged charged-particle multiplicity spectra measured by the ALICE (left) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p072_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Schematic representation of the origin of elliptic flow in a non central heavy-ion collision. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p075_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Scatter plot between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p076_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Scatter plot between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p077_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Measurement of differential and integrated flow using multi-particle cumulant method. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p081_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Pictorial representation of fluctuations at the initial state, generated from the MC Glauber [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p085_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: The factorization-breaking coefficient between elliptic flow vectors in two different transverse [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p088_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Factorization-breaking coefficients between flow vectors squared (left) and flow magnitude [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p090_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: The factorization-breaking coefficient between transverse momentum averaged ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p091_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Factorization-breaking coefficients between momentum averaged ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p092_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Flow vector squared factorization-breaking coefficients between momentum averaged and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p093_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Factorization-breaking coefficients for the flow magnitude squared between transverse [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p094_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Comparison between different definitions of flow magnitude factorization-breaking coeffi [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p095_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Flow angle decorrelation as a function of the transverse momentum for the elliptic flow in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p097_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Flow angle decorrelation for the triangular flow with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p098_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Left: Comparison between different definitions of flow angle correlation along with the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p099_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Mixed-flow correlation between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p101_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Correlation coefficients between flow vector squared [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p102_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Flow angle decorrelation between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p103_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Centrality dependence of the flow angle correlation between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p104_3.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Variance of the transverse momentum per particle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p109_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Left: Pictorial depiction of Pb+Pb collisions at fixed multiplicity but different impact [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p110_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Histogram of the charge particle multiplicity [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p113_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Joint distribution of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p118_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p120_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Distribution of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p121_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Probability distribution of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p124_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Predictions for the standardized skewness as a function of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p128_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Predictions for average [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p129_4.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Measurement of the standardized (left) and intensive (right) skewness of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p130_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: The Pearson correlation coefficient between the mean transverse momentum per particle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p135_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Left: The Pearson correlation coefficient between the mean transverse momentum per particle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p136_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Left: Scatter plot between event-by-event mean transverse momentum per particle and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p139_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Left: Normalized symmetric cumulant between mean transverse momentum per particle and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p141_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Third order normalized symmetric cumulant between mean transverse momentum per particle, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p142_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Third order normalized symmetric cumulant between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p143_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Left: Third order normalized symmetric cumulant between mean transverse momentum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p144_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Third order scaled symmetric cumulant between mean transverse momentum per particle, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p145_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Left: Momentum dependent Pearson correlation between mean transverse momentum per [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p148_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p149_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Left: Pearson correlation coefficient [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p151_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p153_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Momentum dependent correlation coefficient between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p154_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Same as Fig [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p155_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Normalized covariance between mean transverse momentum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p157_5.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Left: Ratio of the momentum dependent and momentum independent covariance between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p158_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Deformed uranium nucleus having prolate structure with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p163_6.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Pictorial representation of the body-to-body and tip-to-tip collision of deformed uranium [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p164_6.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Factorization-breaking coefficients of elliptic flow vector squared [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p168_6.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Left: Flow magnitude squared factorization breaking coefficient for the elliptic flow [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p169_6.png]

**Figure 6.5.** Figure 6.5: Momentum dependent mixed flow correlation between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p170_6_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Comparison of the deformation effect through flow vector factorization breaking coefficient [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p171_6.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: The Pearson correlation coefficients between mean transverse momentum per particle and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p172_6.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Left: Pearson correlation coefficient between mean transverse momentum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p173_6.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Left: Third order normalized symmetric cumulant between mean transverse momentum, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p174_6.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Fourth order normalized symmetric cumulant between mean transverse momentum, multi [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p175_6.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Pictorial representation of the structure of xenon-129 nucleus with three possible configura [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p180_7.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Pictorial depiction of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p182_7.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 21 canonical work pages

[1]

Gaillard, P.D

M.K. Gaillard, P.D. Grannis and F.J. Sciulli, The Standard model of particle physics , https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S96 Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 (1999) S96 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9812285 hep-ph/9812285 ]

arXiv 1999
[2]

Thomson, Modern Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press (2013)

M. Thomson, Modern Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press (2013)

2013
[3]

KOBAYASHI, Experimental verification of the standard model of particle physics, https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.97.013 Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 97 (2021) 211

T. KOBAYASHI, Experimental verification of the standard model of particle physics, https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.97.013 Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 97 (2021) 211

work page doi:10.2183/pjab.97.013 2021
[4]

Heinz, Towards the Little Bang Standard Model , https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/455/1/012044 J

U.W. Heinz, Towards the Little Bang Standard Model , https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/455/1/012044 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 455 (2013) 012044 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.3634 1304.3634 ]

arXiv 2013
[5]

Voloshin, A.M

S.A. Voloshin, A.M. Poskanzer and R. Snellings, Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01539-7_10 Landolt-Bornstein 23 (2010) 293 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.2949 0809.2949 ]

arXiv 2010
[6]

Florkowski, Phenomenology Of Ultra-relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions, World Scientific Publishing Company (2010)

W. Florkowski, Phenomenology Of Ultra-relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions, World Scientific Publishing Company (2010)

2010
[7]

Heinz and R

U. Heinz and R. Snellings, Collective flow and viscosity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170540 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63 (2013) 123 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.2826 1301.2826 ]

arXiv 2013
[8]

Busza, K

W. Busza, K. Rajagopal and W. van der Schee, Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture, and the Big Questions , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020852 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 68 (2018) 339 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.04801 1802.04801 ]

arXiv 2018

Show all 300 references

[9]

Fritzsch, M

H. Fritzsch, M. Gell-Mann and H. Leutwyler, Advantages of the Color Octet Gluon Picture , https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4 Phys. Lett. B 47 (1973) 365

1973 doi
[10]

Weinberg, Nonabelian Gauge Theories of the Strong Interactions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.494 Phys

S. Weinberg, Nonabelian Gauge Theories of the Strong Interactions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.494 Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 494

1973 doi
[11]

Gardim, G

F.G. Gardim, G. Giacalone, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Thermodynamics of hot strong-interaction matter from ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0846-4 Nature Phys. 16 (2020) 615 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.09728 1908.09728 ]

2020 arXiv
[12]

Bernhard, J.S

J.E. Bernhard, J.S. Moreland and S.A. Bass, Bayesian estimation of the specific shear and bulk viscosity of quark gluon plasma , https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0611-8 Nature Phys. 15 (2019) 1113

2019 doi
[13]

Gyulassy and L

M. Gyulassy and L. McLerran, New forms of QCD matter discovered at RHIC , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.10.034 Nucl. Phys. A 750 (2005) 30 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0405013 nucl-th/0405013 ]

2005 arXiv
[14]

Gross and F

D.J. Gross and F. Wilczek, Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories - I , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.8.3633 Phys. Rev. D 8 (1973) 3633

1973 doi
[15]

Gross and F

D.J. Gross and F. Wilczek, ASYMPTOTICALLY FREE GAUGE THEORIES. 2. , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.9.980 Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 980

1974 doi
[16]

Muller, J

B. Muller, J. Schukraft and B. Wyslouch, First Results from Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102711-094910 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62 (2012) 361 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.3233 1202.3233 ]

2012 arXiv
[17]

Huovinen, Hydrodynamical description of collective flow

P. Huovinen, Hydrodynamical description of collective flow. Chapter 1. , https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0305064 nucl-th/0305064

arXiv
[18]

Kolb and U.W

P.F. Kolb and U.W. Heinz, Hydrodynamic description of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions , https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0305084 nucl-th/0305084

arXiv
[19]

Huovinen and P.V

P. Huovinen and P.V. Ruuskanen, Hydrodynamic Models for Heavy Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.54.070103.181236 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 56 (2006) 163 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0605008 nucl-th/0605008 ]

2006
[20]

Ollitrault, Relativistic hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/29/2/010 Eur

J.-Y. Ollitrault, Relativistic hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/29/2/010 Eur. J. Phys. 29 (2008) 275 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.2433 0708.2433 ]

2008 arXiv
[21]

Dusling and D

K. Dusling and D. Teaney, Simulating elliptic flow with viscous hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.77.034905 Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008) 034905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.5932 0710.5932 ]

2008 arXiv
[22]

Hirano, N

T. Hirano, N. van der Kolk and A. Bilandzic, Hydrodynamics and Flow , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02286-9_4 Lect. Notes Phys. 785 (2010) 139 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0808.2684 0808.2684 ]

2010 arXiv
[23]

Luzum and P

M. Luzum and P. Romatschke, Conformal Relativistic Viscous Hydrodynamics: Applications to RHIC results at s(NN)**(1/2) = 200-GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034915 Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) 034915 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.4015 0804.4015 ]

2008 arXiv
[24]

U.W. Heinz, Early collective expansion: Relativistic hydrodynamics and the transport properties of QCD matter , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01539-7_9 Landolt-Bornstein 23 (2010) 240 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0901.4355 0901.4355 ]

2010 arXiv
[25]

Jaiswal and V

A. Jaiswal and V. Roy, Relativistic hydrodynamics in heavy-ion collisions: general aspects and recent developments , https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9623034 Adv. High Energy Phys. 2016 (2016) 9623034 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.08694 1605.08694 ]

2016 arXiv
[26]

Romatschke and U

P. Romatschke and U. Romatschke, Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium , Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics, Cambridge University Press (5, 2019), 10.1017/9781108651998 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108651998, [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05815 1712.05815 ]

2019 arXiv
[27]

Moreland, J.E

J.S. Moreland, J.E. Bernhard and S.A. Bass, Bayesian calibration of a hybrid nuclear collision model using p-Pb and Pb-Pb data at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.101.024911 Phys. Rev. C 101 (2020) 024911 [ https://arxiv.o...

2020 arXiv
[28]

JETSCAPE collaboration, Multisystem Bayesian constraints on the transport coefficients of QCD matter , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.054904 Phys. Rev. C 103 (2021) 054904 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.01430 2011.01430 ]

2021 arXiv
[29]

Stephanov, K

M.A. Stephanov, K. Rajagopal and E.V. Shuryak, Signatures of the tricritical point in QCD , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4816 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 4816 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9806219 hep-ph/9806219 ]

1998 arXiv
[30]

Fodor and S.D

Z. Fodor and S.D. Katz, Critical point of QCD at finite T and mu, lattice results for physical quark masses , https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2004/04/050 JHEP 04 (2004) 050 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-lat/0402006 hep-lat/0402006 ]

2004 arXiv
[31]

Y. Aoki, G. Endrodi, Z. Fodor, S.D. Katz and K.K. Szabo, The Order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics , https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05120 Nature 443 (2006) 675 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-lat/0611014 hep-lat/0611014 ]

2006 arXiv
[32]

Stephanov, Non-Gaussian fluctuations near the QCD critical point , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.032301 Phys

M.A. Stephanov, Non-Gaussian fluctuations near the QCD critical point , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.032301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (2009) 032301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.3450 0809.3450 ]

2009 arXiv
[33]

Bazavov et al., The chiral and deconfinement aspects of the QCD transition , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.054503 Phys

A. Bazavov et al., The chiral and deconfinement aspects of the QCD transition , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.054503 Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 054503 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.1710 1111.1710 ]

2012 arXiv
[34]

Borsanyi, Z

S. Borsanyi, Z. Fodor, J.N. Guenther, R. Kara, S.D. Katz, P. Parotto et al., QCD Crossover at Finite Chemical Potential from Lattice Simulations , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.052001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 (2020) 052001 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.02821 2002.02821 ]

2020 arXiv
[35]

Gelis, Some Aspects of the Theory of Heavy Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/abec2e Rept

F. Gelis, Some Aspects of the Theory of Heavy Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/abec2e Rept. Prog. Phys. 84 (2021) 056301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07604 2102.07604 ]

2021 arXiv
[36]

Zhang, C.M

B. Zhang, C.M. Ko, B.-A. Li and Z.-w. Lin, A multiphase transport model for nuclear collisions at RHIC , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.61.067901 Phys. Rev. C 61 (2000) 067901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/9907017 nucl-th/9907017 ]

2000 arXiv
[37]

Lin, C.M

Z.-W. Lin, C.M. Ko, B.-A. Li, B. Zhang and S. Pal, A Multi-phase transport model for relativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.72.064901 Phys. Rev. C 72 (2005) 064901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0411110 nucl-th/0411110 ]

2005 arXiv
[38]

Mehtar-Tani, J.G

Y. Mehtar-Tani, J.G. Milhano and K. Tywoniuk, Jet physics in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X13400137 Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 28 (2013) 1340013 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.2579 1302.2579 ]

2013 arXiv
[39]

Blaizot and Y

J.-P. Blaizot and Y. Mehtar-Tani, Jet Structure in Heavy Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1142/S021830131530012X Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 24 (2015) 1530012 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05958 1503.05958 ]

2015 arXiv
[40]

Ollitrault, Anisotropy as a signature of transverse collective flow , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.46.229 Phys

J.-Y. Ollitrault, Anisotropy as a signature of transverse collective flow , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.46.229 Phys. Rev. D 46 (1992) 229

1992 doi
[41]

Voloshin and Y

S. Voloshin and Y. Zhang, Flow study in relativistic nuclear collisions by Fourier expansion of Azimuthal particle distributions , https://doi.org/10.1007/s002880050141 Z. Phys. C 70 (1996) 665 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9407282 hep-ph/9407282 ]

1996 arXiv
[42]

Sorge, Elliptical flow: A Signature for early pressure in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2309 Phys

H. Sorge, Elliptical flow: A Signature for early pressure in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2309 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 2309 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/9610026 nucl-th/9610026 ]

1997 arXiv
[43]

Poskanzer and S.A

A.M. Poskanzer and S.A. Voloshin, Methods for analyzing anisotropic flow in relativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.58.1671 Phys. Rev. C 58 (1998) 1671 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/9805001 nucl-ex/9805001 ]

1998 arXiv
[44]

Teaney, J

D. Teaney, J. Lauret and E.V. Shuryak, Flow at the SPS and RHIC as a quark gluon plasma signature , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.4783 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 4783 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0011058 nucl-th/0011058 ]

2001 arXiv
[45]

Bleicher and H

M. Bleicher and H. Stoecker, Anisotropic flow in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(01)01495-2 Phys. Lett. B 526 (2002) 309 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0006147 hep-ph/0006147 ]

2002 arXiv
[46]

Huovinen, P.F

P. Huovinen, P.F. Kolb, U.W. Heinz, P.V. Ruuskanen and S.A. Voloshin, Radial and elliptic flow at RHIC: Further predictions , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(01)00219-2 Phys. Lett. B 503 (2001) 58 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0101136 hep-ph/0101136 ]

2001 arXiv
[47]

Bozek, The Balance functions in azimuthal angle is a measure of the transverse flow , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.01.072 Phys

P. Bozek, The Balance functions in azimuthal angle is a measure of the transverse flow , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.01.072 Phys. Lett. B 609 (2005) 247 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0412076 nucl-th/0412076 ]

2005 arXiv
[48]

Alver and G

B. Alver and G. Roland, Collision geometry fluctuations and triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.039903 Phys. Rev. C 81 (2010) 054905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.0194 1003.0194 ]

2010 arXiv
[49]

Schenke, S

B. Schenke, S. Jeon and C. Gale, Elliptic and triangular flow in event-by-event (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.042301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 042301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.3244 1009.3244 ]

2011 arXiv
[50]

Bozek and I

P. Bozek and I. Wyskiel, Directed flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.81.054902 Phys. Rev. C 81 (2010) 054902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.4999 1002.4999 ]

2010 arXiv
[51]

Luzum, Collective flow and long-range correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.01.013 Phys

M. Luzum, Collective flow and long-range correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.01.013 Phys. Lett. B 696 (2011) 499 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.5773 1011.5773 ]

2011 arXiv
[52]

PHENIX collaboration, Flow measurements via two particle azimuthal correlations in Au+Au collisions at s(NN)**(1/2) = 130-GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.212301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 212301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0204005 nucl-ex/0204005 ]

2002 arXiv
[53]

STAR collaboration, Azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at s(NN)**(1/2) = 200-GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.72.014904 Phys. Rev. C 72 (2005) 014904 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0409033 nucl-ex/0409033 ]

2005 arXiv
[54]

ALICE collaboration, Elliptic flow of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.252302 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 252302 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.3914 1011.3914 ]

2010 arXiv
[55]

ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy for charged particle production in s_ NN =2.76 TeV lead-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.86.014907 Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 014907 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.3087 1203.3087 ]

2012 arXiv
[56]

CMS collaboration, Measurement of the Elliptic Anisotropy of Charged Particles Produced in PbPb Collisions at s _ NN =2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.014902 Phys. Rev. C 87 (2013) 014902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.1409 1204.1409 ]

2013 arXiv
[57]

Gardim, F

F.G. Gardim, F. Grassi, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Anisotropic flow in event-by-event ideal hydrodynamic simulations of s_ NN =200 GeV Au+Au collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.202302 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 (2012) 202302 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.2882 1203.2882 ]

2012 arXiv
[58]

Ollitrault, Measures of azimuthal anisotropy in high-energy collisions , https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01157-7 Eur

J.-Y. Ollitrault, Measures of azimuthal anisotropy in high-energy collisions , https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01157-7 Eur. Phys. J. A 59 (2023) 236 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.11674 2308.11674 ]

2023 arXiv
[59]

ALICE collaboration, Anisotropic flow of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at s_ NN =5.02 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.132302 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 132302 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.01119 1602.01119 ]

2016 arXiv
[60]

ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles produced in s_ _ NN = 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6468-7 Eur. Phys. J. C 78 (2018) 997 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.03951 1808.03951 ]

2018 arXiv
[61]

Schenke, S

B. Schenke, S. Jeon and C. Gale, Higher flow harmonics from (3+1)D event-by-event viscous hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.024901 Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 024901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.6289 1109.6289 ]

2012 arXiv
[62]

Z. Qiu, C. Shen and U. Heinz, Hydrodynamic elliptic and triangular flow in Pb-Pb collisions at s =2.76 ATeV , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.12.041 Phys. Lett. B 707 (2012) 151 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.3033 1110.3033 ]

2012 arXiv
[63]

STAR collaboration, Elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at (S(NN))**(1/2) = 130 GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.402 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 402 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0009011 nucl-ex/0009011 ]

2001 arXiv
[64]

PHENIX collaboration, Elliptic flow of identified hadrons in Au+Au collisions at s(NN)**(1/2) = 200-GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.182301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 182301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0305013 nucl-ex/0305013 ]

2003 arXiv
[65]

CMS collaboration, Centrality Dependence of Dihadron Correlations and Azimuthal anisotropy Harmonics in PbPb Collisions at s_ NN =2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2012-3 Eur. Phys. J. C 72 (2012) 2012 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.3158 1201.3158 ]

2012 arXiv
[66]

Broniowski and W

W. Broniowski and W. Florkowski, Geometric relation between centrality and the impact parameter in relativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.65.024905 Phys. Rev. C 65 (2002) 024905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0110020 nucl-th/0110020 ]

2002 arXiv
[67]

S.J. Das, G. Giacalone, P.-A. Monard and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Relating centrality to impact parameter in nucleus-nucleus collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014905 Phys. Rev. C 97 (2018) 014905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00081 1708.00081 ]

2018 arXiv
[68]

PHOBOS collaboration, Charged particle multiplicity near mid-rapidity in central Au + Au collisions at S^ (1/2) = 56-A/GeV and 130-A/GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3100 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 3100 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0007036 hep-ex/0007036 ]

2000 arXiv
[69]

STAR collaboration, Multiplicity distribution and spectra of negatively charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at s(NN)**(1/2) = 130-GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.112303 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 112303 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0106004 nucl-ex/0106004 ]

2001 arXiv
[70]

PHENIX collaboration, Systematic studies of the centrality and s(NN)**(1/2) dependence of the d E(T) / d eta and d (N(ch) / d eta in heavy ion collisions at mid-rapidity , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.71.034908 Phys. Rev. C 71 (2005) 034908 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/...

2005 arXiv
[71]

ALICE collaboration, Centrality determination of Pb-Pb collisions at s_ NN = 2.76 TeV with ALICE , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.044909 Phys. Rev. C 88 (2013) 044909 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.4361 1301.4361 ]

2013 arXiv
[72]

ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of the pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the elliptic flow of charged particles in lead-lead collisions at s_ NN =2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.12.056 Phys. Lett. B 707 (2012) 330 ...

2012 arXiv
[73]

CMS collaboration, Dependence on pseudorapidity and centrality of charged hadron production in PbPb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2011)141 JHEP 08 (2011) 141 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4800 1107.4800 ]

2011 arXiv
[74]

Aguiar, Y

C.E. Aguiar, Y. Hama, T. Kodama and T. Osada, Event-by-event fluctuations in hydrodynamical description of heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(01)01447-6 Nucl. Phys. A 698 (2002) 639 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0106266 hep-ph/0106266 ]

2002 arXiv
[75]

Ollitrault, A.M

J.-Y. Ollitrault, A.M. Poskanzer and S.A. Voloshin, Effect of flow fluctuations and nonflow on elliptic flow methods , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.80.014904 Phys. Rev. C 80 (2009) 014904 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0904.2315 0904.2315 ]

2009 arXiv
[76]

Qiu and U.W

Z. Qiu and U.W. Heinz, Event-by-event shape and flow fluctuations of relativistic heavy-ion collision fireballs , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.84.024911 Phys. Rev. C 84 (2011) 024911 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.0650 1104.0650 ]

2011 arXiv
[77]

Bzdak and D

A. Bzdak and D. Teaney, Longitudinal fluctuations of the fireball density in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.024906 Phys. Rev. C 87 (2013) 024906 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1210.1965 1210.1965 ]

2013 arXiv
[78]

Heinz, Z

U. Heinz, Z. Qiu and C. Shen, Fluctuating flow angles and anisotropic flow measurements , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.034913 Phys. Rev. C 87 (2013) 034913 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.3535 1302.3535 ]

2013 arXiv
[79]

Jia and P

J. Jia and P. Huo, A method for studying the rapidity fluctuation and decorrelation of harmonic flow in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.034905 Phys. Rev. C 90 (2014) 034905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1402.6680 1402.6680 ]

2014 arXiv
[80]

Bhalerao, J.-Y

R.S. Bhalerao, J.-Y. Ollitrault, S. Pal and D. Teaney, Principal component analysis of event-by-event fluctuations , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.152301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (2015) 152301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.7739 1410.7739 ]

2015 arXiv
[81]

Bozek and W

P. Bozek and W. Broniowski, Longitudinal decorrelation measures of flow magnitude and event-plane angles in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.034913 Phys. Rev. C 97 (2018) 034913 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03325 1711.03325 ]

2018 arXiv
[82]

PHOBOS collaboration, Non-flow correlations and elliptic flow fluctuations in gold-gold collisions at s_ NN =200 GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.81.034915 Phys. Rev. C 81 (2010) 034915 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.0534 1002.0534 ]

2010 arXiv
[83]

CMS collaboration, Evidence for transverse momentum and pseudorapidity dependent event plane fluctuations in PbPb and pPb collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.034911 Phys. Rev. C 92 (2015) 034911 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.01692 1503.01692 ]

2015 arXiv
[84]

ALICE collaboration, Correlated event-by-event fluctuations of flow harmonics in Pb-Pb collisions at s_ _ NN =2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.182301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 (2016) 182301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07663 1604.07663 ]

2016 arXiv
[85]

ALICE collaboration, Searches for transverse momentum dependent flow vector fluctuations in Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions at the LHC , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2017)032 JHEP 09 (2017) 032 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.05690 1707.05690 ]

2017 arXiv
[86]

ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of longitudinal flow decorrelations in Pb+Pb collisions at s_ NN =2.76 and 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5605-7 Eur. Phys. J. C 78 (2018) 142 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.02301 1709.02301 ]

2018 arXiv
[87]

ALICE collaboration, Observation of flow angle and flow magnitude fluctuations in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV at the CERN Large Hadron Collider , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.107.L051901 Phys. Rev. C 107 (2023) L051901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.04574 2206.04574 ]

2023 arXiv
[88]

Broniowski, P

W. Broniowski, P. Bozek and M. Rybczynski, Fluctuating initial conditions in heavy-ion collisions from the Glauber approach , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.054905 Phys. Rev. C 76 (2007) 054905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.4266 0706.4266 ]

2007 arXiv
[89]

G.-Y. Qin, H. Petersen, S.A. Bass and B. Muller, Translation of collision geometry fluctuations into momentum anisotropies in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.064903 Phys. Rev. C 82 (2010) 064903 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.1847 1009.1847 ]

2010 arXiv
[90]

Teaney and L

D. Teaney and L. Yan, Triangularity and Dipole Asymmetry in Heavy Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.064904 Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) 064904 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.1876 1010.1876 ]

2011 arXiv
[91]

Holopainen, H

H. Holopainen, H. Niemi and K.J. Eskola, Event-by-event hydrodynamics and elliptic flow from fluctuating initial state , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.034901 Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) 034901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.0368 1007.0368 ]

2011 arXiv
[92]

Gardim, F

F.G. Gardim, F. Grassi, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Mapping the hydrodynamic response to the initial geometry in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.024908 Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 024908 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.6538 1111.6538 ]

2012 arXiv
[93]

Bhalerao, M

R.S. Bhalerao, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Determining initial-state fluctuations from flow measurements in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.84.034910 Phys. Rev. C 84 (2011) 034910 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.4740 1104.4740 ]

2011 arXiv
[94]

Schenke, P

B. Schenke, P. Tribedy and R. Venugopalan, Fluctuating Glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.252301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 252301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6646 1202.6646 ]

2012 arXiv
[95]

Bozek, Transverse-momentum flow correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.044908 Phys

P. Bozek, Transverse-momentum flow correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.044908 Phys. Rev. C 93 (2016) 044908 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.04513 1601.04513 ]

2016 arXiv
[96]

Schenke, C

B. Schenke, C. Shen and D. Teaney, Transverse momentum fluctuations and their correlation with elliptic flow in nuclear collision , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.034905 Phys. Rev. C 102 (2020) 034905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.00690 2004.00690 ]

2020 arXiv
[97]

Giacalone, F.G

G. Giacalone, F.G. Gardim, J. Noronha-Hostler and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Correlation between mean transverse momentum and anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.024909 Phys. Rev. C 103 (2021) 024909 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.01765 2004.01765 ]

2021 arXiv
[98]

Giacalone, B

G. Giacalone, B. Schenke and C. Shen, Constraining the Nucleon Size with Relativistic Nuclear Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.042301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (2022) 042301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.02908 2111.02908 ]

2022 arXiv
[99]

Mordasini, A

C. Mordasini, A. Bilandzic, D. Karako c and S.F. Taghavi, Higher order Symmetric Cumulants , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.024907 Phys. Rev. C 102 (2020) 024907 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.06968 1901.06968 ]

2020 arXiv
[100]

ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of flow harmonics correlations with mean transverse momentum in lead-lead and proton-lead collisions at s_ NN =5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7489-6 Eur. Phys. J. C 79 (2019) 985 [ https://arxiv.org/a...

2019 arXiv
[101]

ALICE collaboration, Characterizing the initial conditions of heavy-ion collisions at the LHC with mean transverse momentum and anisotropic flow correlations , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2022.137393 Phys. Lett. B 834 (2022) 137393 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06106 211...

2022
[102]

ATLAS collaboration, Correlations between flow and transverse momentum in Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC with the ATLAS detector: A probe of the heavy-ion initial state and nuclear deformation , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.107.054910 Phys. Rev. C 107 (2023) 054910 ...

2023 arXiv
[103]

Filip, R

P. Filip, R. Lednicky, H. Masui and N. Xu, Initial eccentricity in deformed Au-197 + Au-197 and U-238 + U-238 collisions at sNN=200 GeV at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.80.054903 Phys. Rev. C 80 (2009) 054903

2009 doi
[104]

Giacalone, Observing the deformation of nuclei with relativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.202301 Phys

G. Giacalone, Observing the deformation of nuclei with relativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.202301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 (2020) 202301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.04673 1910.04673 ]

2020 arXiv
[105]

Li, H.-j

H. Li, H.-j. Xu, Y. Zhou, X. Wang, J. Zhao, L.-W. Chen et al., Probing the neutron skin with ultrarelativistic isobaric collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.222301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 (2020) 222301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06170 1910.06170 ]

2020 arXiv
[106]

Giacalone, Constraining the quadrupole deformation of atomic nuclei with relativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.024901 Phys

G. Giacalone, Constraining the quadrupole deformation of atomic nuclei with relativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.024901 Phys. Rev. C 102 (2020) 024901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14463 2004.14463 ]

2020 arXiv
[107]

Giacalone, J

G. Giacalone, J. Jia and C. Zhang, Impact of Nuclear Deformation on Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions: Assessing Consistency in Nuclear Physics across Energy Scales , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.242301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 (2021) 242301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2105...

2021 arXiv
[108]

J. Jia, S. Huang and C. Zhang, Probing nuclear quadrupole deformation from correlation of elliptic flow and transverse momentum in heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.105.014906 Phys. Rev. C 105 (2022) 014906 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05713 2105.05713 ]

2022 arXiv
[109]

Jia, Shape of atomic nuclei in heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.105.014905 Phys

J. Jia, Shape of atomic nuclei in heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.105.014905 Phys. Rev. C 105 (2022) 014905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.08768 2106.08768 ]

2022 arXiv
[110]

Bally, M

B. Bally, M. Bender, G. Giacalone and V. Som\`a, Evidence of the triaxial structure of ^ 129 Xe at the Large Hadron Collider , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.082301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (2022) 082301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.09578 2108.09578 ]

2022 arXiv
[111]

Jia, Probing triaxial deformation of atomic nuclei in high-energy heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.105.044905 Phys

J. Jia, Probing triaxial deformation of atomic nuclei in high-energy heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.105.044905 Phys. Rev. C 105 (2022) 044905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.00604 2109.00604 ]

2022 arXiv
[112]

H.-j. Xu, W. Zhao, H. Li, Y. Zhou, L.-W. Chen and F. Wang, Probing nuclear structure with mean transverse momentum in relativistic isobar collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.108.L011902 Phys. Rev. C 108 (2023) L011902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.14812 2111.14812 ]

2023 arXiv
[113]

Zhang and J

C. Zhang and J. Jia, Evidence of Quadrupole and Octupole Deformations in Zr96+Zr96 and Ru96+Ru96 Collisions at Ultrarelativistic Energies , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.022301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (2022) 022301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.01631 2109.01631 ]

2022 arXiv
[114]

Jia and C

J. Jia and C. Zhang, Scaling approach to nuclear structure in high-energy heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.107.L021901 Phys. Rev. C 107 (2023) L021901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.15559 2111.15559 ]

2023 arXiv
[115]

J. Jia, G. Giacalone and C. Zhang, Separating the Impact of Nuclear Skin and Nuclear Deformation in High-Energy Isobar Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.022301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 (2023) 022301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.10449 2206.10449 ]

2023 arXiv
[116]

J. Jia, G. Giacalone and C. Zhang, Precision Tests of the Nonlinear Mode Coupling of Anisotropic Flow via High-Energy Collisions of Isobars , https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/40/4/042501 Chin. Phys. Lett. 40 (2023) 042501 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07184 2206.07184 ]

2023 arXiv
[117]

Bally, G

B. Bally, G. Giacalone and M. Bender, The shape of gold , https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-00955-3 Eur. Phys. J. A 59 (2023) 58 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02420 2301.02420 ]

2023 arXiv
[118]

Ryssens, G

W. Ryssens, G. Giacalone, B. Schenke and C. Shen, Evidence of Hexadecapole Deformation in Uranium-238 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.212302 Phys. Rev. Lett. 130 (2023) 212302 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13617 2302.13617 ]

2023 arXiv
[119]

STAR collaboration, Azimuthal anisotropy in U + U and Au + Au collisions at RHIC , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.222301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 222301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.07812 1505.07812 ]

2015 arXiv
[120]

ALICE collaboration, Anisotropic flow in Xe-Xe collisions at s_ NN = 5.44 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.06.059 Phys. Lett. B 784 (2018) 82 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01832 1805.01832 ]

2018 arXiv
[121]

CMS collaboration, Charged-particle angular correlations in XeXe collisions at s_ _NN = 5.44 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.044902 Phys. Rev. C 100 (2019) 044902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.07997 1901.07997 ]

2019 arXiv
[122]

ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged-particle production in Xe+Xe collisions at s_ NN =5.44 TeV with the ATLAS detector , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.101.024906 Phys. Rev. C 101 (2020) 024906 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.04812 1911.04812 ]

2020 arXiv
[123]

ATLAS collaboration, Longitudinal Flow Decorrelations in Xe+Xe Collisions at s_ NN =5.44 TeV with the ATLAS Detector , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.122301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 (2021) 122301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04201 2001.04201 ]

2021 arXiv
[124]

STAR collaboration, Imaging Shapes of Atomic Nuclei in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions , https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.06625 2401.06625

arXiv
[125]

Bozek and R

P. Bozek and R. Samanta, Factorization breaking for higher moments of harmonic flow , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.105.034904 Phys. Rev. C 105 (2022) 034904 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07781 2109.07781 ]

2022 arXiv
[126]

Samanta, S

R. Samanta, S. Bhatta, J. Jia, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Thermalization at the femtoscale seen in high-energy Pb+Pb collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.109.L051902 Phys. Rev. C 109 (2024) L051902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15323 2303.15323 ]

2024 arXiv
[127]

Samanta, J.a.P

R. Samanta, J.a.P. Picchetti, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Non-Gaussian transverse momentum fluctuations from impact parameter fluctuations , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.108.024908 Phys. Rev. C 108 (2023) 024908 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.09294 2306.09294 ]

2023 arXiv
[128]

Bozek and R

P. Bozek and R. Samanta, Higher order cumulants of transverse momentum and harmonic flow in relativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.104.014905 Phys. Rev. C 104 (2021) 014905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.15338 2103.15338 ]

2021 arXiv
[129]

Samanta and P

R. Samanta and P. Bozek, Momentum-dependent measures of correlations between mean transverse momentum and harmonic flow in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.109.064910 Phys. Rev. C 109 (2024) 064910 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.11565 2308.11565 ]

2024 arXiv
[130]

Samanta and P

R. Samanta and P. Bo\.zek, Momentum-dependent flow correlations in deformed nuclei at collision energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.107.054916 Phys. Rev. C 107 (2023) 054916 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.10659 2301.10659 ]

2023 arXiv
[131]

Giacalone, A matter of shape: seeing the deformation of atomic nuclei at high-energy colliders , Ph.D

G. Giacalone, A matter of shape: seeing the deformation of atomic nuclei at high-energy colliders , Ph.D. thesis, U. Paris-Saclay, 2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.00168 2101.00168

2020 arXiv
[132]

Krane, INTRODUCTORY NUCLEAR PHYSICS (1987)

K.S. Krane, INTRODUCTORY NUCLEAR PHYSICS (1987)

1987
[133]

Alver, M

B. Alver, M. Baker, C. Loizides and P. Steinberg, The PHOBOS Glauber Monte Carlo , https://arxiv.org/abs/0805.4411 0805.4411

arXiv
[134]

Loizides, J

C. Loizides, J. Nagle and P. Steinberg, Improved version of the PHOBOS Glauber Monte Carlo , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2015.05.001 SoftwareX 1-2 (2015) 13 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.2549 1408.2549 ]

2015 arXiv
[135]

Ollitrault, Determination of the reaction plane in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.48.1132 Phys

J.-Y. Ollitrault, Determination of the reaction plane in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.48.1132 Phys. Rev. D 48 (1993) 1132 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9303247 hep-ph/9303247 ]

1993 arXiv
[136]

Bialas, M

A. Bialas, M. Bleszynski and W. Czyz, Multiplicity Distributions in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at High-Energies , https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(76)90329-1 Nucl. Phys. B 111 (1976) 461

1976 doi
[137]

Kharzeev and M

D. Kharzeev and M. Nardi, Hadron production in nuclear collisions at RHIC and high density QCD , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(01)00457-9 Phys. Lett. B 507 (2001) 121 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0012025 nucl-th/0012025 ]

2001 arXiv
[138]

Miller, K

M.L. Miller, K. Reygers, S.J. Sanders and P. Steinberg, Glauber modeling in high energy nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.090506.123020 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 57 (2007) 205 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0701025 nucl-ex/0701025 ]

2007
[139]

Glauber, Cross-sections in deuterium at high-energies , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.100.242 Phys

R.J. Glauber, Cross-sections in deuterium at high-energies , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.100.242 Phys. Rev. 100 (1955) 242

1955 doi
[140]

Glauber, Lectures in Theoretical Physics , vol

R.J. Glauber, Lectures in Theoretical Physics , vol. 1, Interscience, New York (1959)

1959
[141]

Bialas, M

A. Bialas, M. Bleszynski and W. Czyz, Relation Between the Glauber Model and Classical Probability Calculus , Acta Phys. Polon. B 8 (1977) 389

1977
[142]

Glauber, Quantum Optics and Heavy Ion Physics , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.06.009 Nucl

R.J. Glauber, Quantum Optics and Heavy Ion Physics , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.06.009 Nucl. Phys. A 774 (2006) 3 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0604021 nucl-th/0604021 ]

2006 arXiv
[143]

Wang and M

X.-N. Wang and M. Gyulassy, HIJING: A Monte Carlo model for multiple jet production in p p, p A and A A collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.3501 Phys. Rev. D 44 (1991) 3501

1991 doi
[144]

Broniowski, M

W. Broniowski, M. Rybczynski and P. Bozek, GLISSANDO: Glauber initial-state simulation and more.. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2008.07.016 Comput. Phys. Commun. 180 (2009) 69 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.5731 0710.5731 ]

2009 arXiv
[145]

Sakurai, Modern quantum mechanics; rev

J.J. Sakurai, Modern quantum mechanics; rev. ed. , Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1994)

1994
[146]

Newton, Optical theorem and beyond , https://doi.org/10.1119/1.10324 Am

R.G. Newton, Optical theorem and beyond , https://doi.org/10.1119/1.10324 Am. J. Phys. 44 (1976) 639

1976 doi
[147]

Particle Data Group collaboration, Review of Particle Physics , https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001 J. Phys. G 33 (2006) 1

2006 doi
[148]

PHENIX collaboration, Transverse energy production and charged-particle multiplicity at midrapidity in various systems from s_ NN =7.7 to 200 GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.024901 Phys. Rev. C 93 (2016) 024901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06727 1509.06727 ]

2016 arXiv
[149]

ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of the centrality dependence of the charged particle pseudorapidity distribution in lead-lead collisions at s_ NN =2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.02.045 Phys. Lett. B 710 (2012) 363 [ https://arxiv.or...

2012 arXiv
[150]

ALICE collaboration, Pseudorapidity density of charged particles in p + Pb collisions at s_ NN =5.02 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.032301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 032301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1210.3615 1210.3615 ]

2013 arXiv
[151]

Rybczynski and W

M. Rybczynski and W. Broniowski, Wounded nucleon model with realistic nucleon-nucleon collision profile and observables in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.84.064913 Phys. Rev. C 84 (2011) 064913 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.2609 1110.2609 ]

2011 arXiv
[152]

Israel, Nonstationary irreversible thermodynamics: A Causal relativistic theory , https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(76)90064-6 Annals Phys

W. Israel, Nonstationary irreversible thermodynamics: A Causal relativistic theory , https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(76)90064-6 Annals Phys. 100 (1976) 310

1976 doi
[153]

Israel and J.M

W. Israel and J.M. Stewart, Transient relativistic thermodynamics and kinetic theory , https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(79)90130-1 Annals Phys. 118 (1979) 341

1979 doi
[154]

Grad, On the kinetic theory of rarefied gases , https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160020403 Commun

H. Grad, On the kinetic theory of rarefied gases , https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160020403 Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 2 (1949) 331

1949 doi
[155]

Denicol, T

G.S. Denicol, T. Koide and D.H. Rischke, Dissipative relativistic fluid dynamics: a new way to derive the equations of motion from kinetic theory , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.162501 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 162501 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.5013 1004.5013 ]

2010 arXiv
[156]

Jaiswal, Relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics from kinetic theory with relaxation time approximation , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.051901 Phys

A. Jaiswal, Relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics from kinetic theory with relaxation time approximation , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.051901 Phys. Rev. C 87 (2013) 051901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.6311 1302.6311 ]

2013 arXiv
[157]

Landau and E

L. Landau and E. Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics, by L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Teoreticheskaia fizika, Pergamon Press (1959)

1959
[158]

Eckart, The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes

C. Eckart, The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. 1. The Simple Fluid , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.58.267 Phys. Rev. 58 (1940) 267

1940 doi
[159]

S. Pu, T. Koide and D.H. Rischke, Does stability of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics imply causality? , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.81.114039 Phys. Rev. D 81 (2010) 114039 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0907.3906 0907.3906 ]

2010 arXiv
[160]

Jaiswal, R.S

A. Jaiswal, R.S. Bhalerao and S. Pal, Complete relativistic second-order dissipative hydrodynamics from the entropy principle , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.021901 Phys. Rev. C 87 (2013) 021901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.0666 1302.0666 ]

2013 arXiv
[161]

Denicol, T

G.S. Denicol, T. Kodama, T. Koide and P. Mota, Stability and Causality in relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115102 J. Phys. G 35 (2008) 115102 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3120 0807.3120 ]

2008 arXiv
[162]

Denicol, H

G.S. Denicol, H. Niemi, E. Molnar and D.H. Rischke, Derivation of transient relativistic fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann equation , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.114047 Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 114047 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.4551 1202.4551 ]

2012 arXiv
[163]

Betz, G.S

B. Betz, G.S. Denicol, T. Koide, E. Molnar, H. Niemi and D.H. Rischke, Second order dissipative fluid dynamics from kinetic theory , https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20111307005 EPJ Web Conf. 13 (2011) 07005 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.5772 1012.5772 ]

2011
[164]

Baier, P

R. Baier, P. Romatschke and U.A. Wiedemann, Dissipative hydrodynamics and heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.73.064903 Phys. Rev. C 73 (2006) 064903 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0602249 hep-ph/0602249 ]

2006 arXiv
[165]

Hiscock and L

W.A. Hiscock and L. Lindblom, Stability and causality in dissipative relativistic fluids , https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(83)90288-9 Annals Phys. 151 (1983) 466

1983 doi
[166]

Hiscock and L

W.A. Hiscock and L. Lindblom, Generic instabilities in first-order dissipative relativistic fluid theories , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.31.725 Phys. Rev. D 31 (1985) 725

1985 doi
[167]

Carter, Convective variational approach to relativistic thermodynamics of dissipative fluids, Proceedings: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 433 (1991) 45

B. Carter, Convective variational approach to relativistic thermodynamics of dissipative fluids, Proceedings: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 433 (1991) 45

1991
[168]

Grmela and H.C

M. Grmela and H.C. Ottinger, Dynamics and thermodynamics of complex fluids. 1. Development of a general formalism , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.56.6620 Phys. Rev. E 56 (1997) 6620

1997 doi
[169]

Jaiswal, R.S

A. Jaiswal, R.S. Bhalerao and S. Pal, New relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics from kinetic theory , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2013.02.025 Phys. Lett. B 720 (2013) 347 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.3779 1204.3779 ]

2013 arXiv
[170]

Yang and R.L

C.-N. Yang and R.L. Mills, Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.96.191 Phys. Rev. 96 (1954) 191

1954 doi
[171]

Politzer, Asymptotic Freedom: An Approach to Strong Interactions , https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(74)90014-3 Phys

H.D. Politzer, Asymptotic Freedom: An Approach to Strong Interactions , https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(74)90014-3 Phys. Rept. 14 (1974) 129

1974 doi
[172]

Particle Data Group collaboration, Review of particle physics, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001 Phys. Rev. D 86 (2012) 010001

2012 doi
[173]

Gardim, G

F.G. Gardim, G. Giacalone and J.-Y. Ollitrault, The mean transverse momentum of ultracentral heavy-ion collisions: A new probe of hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135749 Phys. Lett. B 809 (2020) 135749 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11609 1909.11609 ]

2020
[174]

Huovinen and P

P. Huovinen and P. Petreczky, QCD Equation of State and Hadron Resonance Gas , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.02.015 Nucl. Phys. A 837 (2010) 26 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.2541 0912.2541 ]

2010 arXiv
[175]

Braaten and A

E. Braaten and A. Nieto, On the convergence of perturbative QCD at high temperature , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.1417 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 1417 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9508406 hep-ph/9508406 ]

1996 arXiv
[176]

Blaizot, E

J.P. Blaizot, E. Iancu and A. Rebhan, On the apparent convergence of perturbative QCD at high temperature , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.68.025011 Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003) 025011 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0303045 hep-ph/0303045 ]

2003 arXiv
[177]

Komoltsev and A

O. Komoltsev and A. Kurkela, How Perturbative QCD Constrains the Equation of State at Neutron-Star Densities , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.202701 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (2022) 202701 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.05350 2111.05350 ]

2022 arXiv
[178]

Borsanyi, Z

S. Borsanyi, Z. Fodor, C. Hoelbling, S.D. Katz, S. Krieg and K.K. Szabo, Full result for the QCD equation of state with 2+1 flavors , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.01.007 Phys. Lett. B 730 (2014) 99 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5258 1309.5258 ]

2014 arXiv
[179]

Borsanyi, G

S. Borsanyi, G. Endrodi, Z. Fodor, A. Jakovac, S.D. Katz, S. Krieg et al., The QCD equation of state with dynamical quarks , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2010)077 JHEP 11 (2010) 077 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.2580 1007.2580 ]

2010 arXiv
[180]

HotQCD collaboration, Equation of state in ( 2+1 )-flavor QCD , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.90.094503 Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 094503 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.6387 1407.6387 ]

2014 arXiv
[181]

Bazavov et al., The QCD Equation of State to O ( _B^6) from Lattice QCD , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.054504 Phys

A. Bazavov et al., The QCD Equation of State to O ( _B^6) from Lattice QCD , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.054504 Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 054504 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.04325 1701.04325 ]

2017 arXiv
[182]

Borsanyi, Z

S. Borsanyi, Z. Fodor, J.N. Guenther, S.K. Katz, K.K. Szabo, A. Pasztor et al., Higher order fluctuations and correlations of conserved charges from lattice QCD , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2018)205 JHEP 10 (2018) 205 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04445 1805.04445 ]

2018 arXiv
[183]

Bellwied, S

R. Bellwied, S. Borsanyi, Z. Fodor, J.N. Guenther, J. Noronha-Hostler, P. Parotto et al., Off-diagonal correlators of conserved charges from lattice QCD and how to relate them to experiment , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.034506 Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 034506 [ https://...

2020 arXiv
[184]

A. Bazavov et al., Skewness, kurtosis, and the fifth and sixth order cumulants of net baryon-number distributions from lattice QCD confront high-statistics STAR data , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.074502 Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 074502 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08530...

2020 arXiv
[185]

Müller, Investigation of hot qcd matter: theoretical aspects, https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2013/T158/014004 Physica Scripta 2013 (2013) 014004

B. Müller, Investigation of hot qcd matter: theoretical aspects, https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2013/T158/014004 Physica Scripta 2013 (2013) 014004

2013 doi
[186]

Bozek and H

P. Bozek and H. Mehrabpour, Correlation coefficient between harmonic flow and transverse momentum in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.101.064902 Phys. Rev. C 101 (2020) 064902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08832 2002.08832 ]

2020 arXiv
[187]

Niemi, G.S

H. Niemi, G.S. Denicol, H. Holopainen and P. Huovinen, Event-by-event distributions of azimuthal asymmetries in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054901 Phys. Rev. C 87 (2013) 054901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.1008 1212.1008 ]

2013 arXiv
[188]

Hirano and K

T. Hirano and K. Tsuda, Collective flow and two pion correlations from a relativistic hydrodynamic model with early chemical freezeout , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.66.054905 Phys. Rev. C 66 (2002) 054905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0205043 nucl-th/0205043 ]

2002 arXiv
[189]

Bozek, Flow and interferometry in 3+1 dimensional viscous hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.034901 Phys

P. Bozek, Flow and interferometry in 3+1 dimensional viscous hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.034901 Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 034901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.6742 1110.6742 ]

2012 arXiv
[190]

Bozek, Splitting of proton-antiproton directed flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.106.L061901 Phys

P. Bozek, Splitting of proton-antiproton directed flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.106.L061901 Phys. Rev. C 106 (2022) L061901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04927 2207.04927 ]

2022 arXiv
[191]

Bjorken, Highly Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions: The Central Rapidity Region , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.27.140 Phys

J.D. Bjorken, Highly Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions: The Central Rapidity Region , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.27.140 Phys. Rev. D 27 (1983) 140

1983 doi
[192]

Kharzeev, E

D. Kharzeev, E. Levin and M. Nardi, The Onset of classical QCD dynamics in relativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.71.054903 Phys. Rev. C 71 (2005) 054903 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0111315 hep-ph/0111315 ]

2005 arXiv
[193]

Schenke, P

B. Schenke, P. Tribedy and R. Venugopalan, Event-by-event gluon multiplicity, energy density, and eccentricities in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.86.034908 Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 034908 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1206.6805 1206.6805 ]

2012 arXiv
[194]

Moreland, J.E

J.S. Moreland, J.E. Bernhard and S.A. Bass, Alternative ansatz to wounded nucleon and binary collision scaling in high-energy nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.011901 Phys. Rev. C 92 (2015) 011901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.4708 1412.4708 ]

2015 arXiv
[195]

d'Enterria, G.K

D. d'Enterria, G.K. Eyyubova, V.L. Korotkikh, I.P. Lokhtin, S.V. Petrushanko, L.I. Sarycheva et al., Estimates of hadron azimuthal anisotropy from multiparton interactions in proton-proton collisions at s =14 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1232-7 Eur. Phys. J. C...

2010 arXiv
[196]

Song and U.W

H. Song and U.W. Heinz, Multiplicity scaling in ideal and viscous hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.024902 Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) 024902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1756 0805.1756 ]

2008 arXiv
[197]

`` trento 2.0 .'' http://qcd.phy.duke.edu/trento/
[198]

McLerran and R

L.D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, Gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei at small transverse momentum , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.49.3352 Phys. Rev. D 49 (1994) 3352 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9311205 hep-ph/9311205 ]

1994 arXiv
[199]

McLerran and R

L.D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, Computing quark and gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.49.2233 Phys. Rev. D 49 (1994) 2233 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9309289 hep-ph/9309289 ]

1994 arXiv
[200]

Krasnitz and R

A. Krasnitz and R. Venugopalan, The Initial gluon multiplicity in heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.1717 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 1717 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0007108 hep-ph/0007108 ]

2001 arXiv
[201]

Iancu and R

E. Iancu and R. Venugopalan, The Color glass condensate and high-energy scattering in QCD , in Quark-gluon plasma 4 , R.C. Hwa and X.-N. Wang, eds., pp. 249--3363 (2003), DOI https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812795533_0005 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0303204 hep-ph/0303204 ]

2003 arXiv
[202]

Lappi, Production of gluons in the classical field model for heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.67.054903 Phys

T. Lappi, Production of gluons in the classical field model for heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.67.054903 Phys. Rev. C 67 (2003) 054903 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0303076 hep-ph/0303076 ]

2003 arXiv
[203]

C. Gale, S. Jeon, B. Schenke, P. Tribedy and R. Venugopalan, Event-by-event anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions from combined Yang-Mills and viscous fluid dynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.012302 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 012302 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/...

2013 arXiv
[204]

Bass et al., Microscopic models for ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6410(98)00058-1 Prog

S.A. Bass et al., Microscopic models for ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6410(98)00058-1 Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 41 (1998) 255 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/9803035 nucl-th/9803035 ]

1998 arXiv
[205]

Bleicher et al., Relativistic hadron hadron collisions in the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model , https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/25/9/308 J

M. Bleicher et al., Relativistic hadron hadron collisions in the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model , https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/25/9/308 J. Phys. G 25 (1999) 1859 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9909407 hep-ph/9909407 ]

1999 arXiv
[206]

Steinheimer, M

J. Steinheimer, M. Bleicher, H. Petersen, S. Schramm, H. Stocker and D. Zschiesche, (3+1)-dimensional hydrodynamic expansion with a critical point from realistic initial conditions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.77.034901 Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008) 034901 [ https://arxiv.org/a...

2008 arXiv
[207]

L. Pang, Q. Wang and X.-N. Wang, Effects of initial flow velocity fluctuation in event-by-event (3+1)D hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.86.024911 Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 024911 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.5019 1205.5019 ]

2012 arXiv
[208]

Bhalerao, A

R.S. Bhalerao, A. Jaiswal and S. Pal, Collective flow in event-by-event partonic transport plus hydrodynamics hybrid approach , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.014903 Phys. Rev. C 92 (2015) 014903 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.03862 1503.03862 ]

2015 arXiv
[209]

Kurkela, A

A. Kurkela, A. Mazeliauskas, J.-F. Paquet, S. Schlichting and D. Teaney, Matching the Nonequilibrium Initial Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions to Hydrodynamics with QCD Kinetic Theory , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.122302 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 (2019) 122302 [ https://arx...

2019 arXiv
[210]

van der Schee, P

W. van der Schee, P. Romatschke and S. Pratt, Fully Dynamical Simulation of Central Nuclear Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.222302 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 (2013) 222302 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.2539 1307.2539 ]

2013 arXiv
[211]

ALICE collaboration, Centrality dependence of the pseudorapidity density distribution for charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at s_ NN =5.02 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.07.017 Phys. Lett. B 772 (2017) 567 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08966 1612.08966 ]

2017 arXiv
[212]

Stephanov, K

M.A. Stephanov, K. Rajagopal and E.V. Shuryak, Event-by-event fluctuations in heavy ion collisions and the QCD critical point , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.60.114028 Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 114028 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9903292 hep-ph/9903292 ]

1999 arXiv
[213]

HotQCD collaboration, Chiral crossover in QCD at zero and non-zero chemical potentials , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.05.013 Phys. Lett. B 795 (2019) 15 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.08235 1812.08235 ]

2019 arXiv
[214]

Bzdak, S

A. Bzdak, S. Esumi, V. Koch, J. Liao, M. Stephanov and N. Xu, Mapping the Phases of Quantum Chromodynamics with Beam Energy Scan , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005 Phys. Rept. 853 (2020) 1 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.00936 1906.00936 ]

2020 arXiv
[215]

Cooper and G

F. Cooper and G. Frye, Comment on the Single Particle Distribution in the Hydrodynamic and Statistical Thermodynamic Models of Multiparticle Production , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.10.186 Phys. Rev. D 10 (1974) 186

1974 doi
[216]

Schenke, S

B. Schenke, S. Jeon and C. Gale, (3+1)D hydrodynamic simulation of relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.014903 Phys. Rev. C 82 (2010) 014903 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.1408 1004.1408 ]

2010 arXiv
[217]

`` iSS spectra sampler .'' https://github.com/chunshen1987/iSS
[218]

Monnai and T

A. Monnai and T. Hirano, Effects of Bulk Viscosity at Freezeout , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.80.054906 Phys. Rev. C 80 (2009) 054906 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0903.4436 0903.4436 ]

2009 arXiv
[219]

Bozek, Bulk and shear viscosities of matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.81.034909 Phys

P. Bozek, Bulk and shear viscosities of matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.81.034909 Phys. Rev. C 81 (2010) 034909 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.2397 0911.2397 ]

2010 arXiv
[220]

`` MUSIC-hydro manual .'' https://webhome.phy.duke.edu/ jp401/music_manual/
[221]

Summerfield, B.-N

N. Summerfield, B.-N. Lu, C. Plumberg, D. Lee, J. Noronha-Hostler and A. Timmins, ^ 16 O ^ 16 O collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider comparing clustering versus substructure , https://doi.org/10.1103/...

2021 arXiv
[222]

SMASH collaboration, Particle production and equilibrium properties within a new hadron transport approach for heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.054905 Phys. Rev. C 94 (2016) 054905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06642 1606.06642 ]

2016 arXiv
[223]

C. Shen, Z. Qiu, H. Song, J. Bernhard, S. Bass and U. Heinz, The iEBE-VISHNU code package for relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2015.08.039 Comput. Phys. Commun. 199 (2016) 61 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.8164 1409.8164 ]

2016 arXiv
[224]

Ryu, J.F

S. Ryu, J.F. Paquet, C. Shen, G.S. Denicol, B. Schenke, S. Jeon et al., Importance of the Bulk Viscosity of QCD in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.132301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 132301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01675 1502.01675 ]

2015 arXiv
[225]

Giacalone, B

G. Giacalone, B. Schenke and C. Shen, Observable signatures of initial state momentum anisotropies in nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.192301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 (2020) 192301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.15721 2006.15721 ]

2020 arXiv
[226]

Song and U.W

H. Song and U.W. Heinz, Causal viscous hydrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions for relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.77.064901 Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008) 064901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3715 0712.3715 ]

2008 arXiv
[227]

Noronha-Hostler, G.S

J. Noronha-Hostler, G.S. Denicol, J. Noronha, R.P.G. Andrade and F. Grassi, Bulk Viscosity Effects in Event-by-Event Relativistic Hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.044916 Phys. Rev. C 88 (2013) 044916 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.1981 1305.1981 ]

2013 arXiv
[228]

`` MUSIC-hydro code .'' https://github.com/MUSIC-fluid/MUSIC?tab=readme-ov-file
[229]

Bozek, Components of the elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at s**(1/2) = 2.76-TeV , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.04.020 Phys

P. Bozek, Components of the elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at s**(1/2) = 2.76-TeV , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.04.020 Phys. Lett. B 699 (2011) 283 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.1791 1101.1791 ]

2011 arXiv
[230]

Borghini, P.M

N. Borghini, P.M. Dinh and J.-Y. Ollitrault, A New method for measuring azimuthal distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.63.054906 Phys. Rev. C 63 (2001) 054906 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0007063 nucl-th/0007063 ]

2001 arXiv
[231]

Borghini, P.M

N. Borghini, P.M. Dinh and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Flow analysis from multiparticle azimuthal correlations , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.64.054901 Phys. Rev. C 64 (2001) 054901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0105040 nucl-th/0105040 ]

2001 arXiv
[232]

Borghini, P.M

N. Borghini, P.M. Dinh and J.Y. Ollitrault, Analysis of directed flow from elliptic flow , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.66.014905 Phys. Rev. C 66 (2002) 014905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0204017 nucl-th/0204017 ]

2002 arXiv
[233]

Bhalerao, N

R.S. Bhalerao, N. Borghini and J.Y. Ollitrault, Genuine collective flow from Lee-Yang zeroes , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2003.11.056 Phys. Lett. B 580 (2004) 157 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0307018 nucl-th/0307018 ]

2004 arXiv
[234]

Bilandzic, N

A. Bilandzic, N. van der Kolk, J.-Y. Ollitrault and R. Snellings, Event-plane flow analysis without non-flow effects , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.014909 Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) 014909 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.3915 0801.3915 ]

2011 arXiv
[235]

Bilandzic, R

A. Bilandzic, R. Snellings and S. Voloshin, Flow analysis with cumulants: Direct calculations , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.044913 Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) 044913 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.0233 1010.0233 ]

2011 arXiv
[236]

Bhalerao, J.-Y

R.S. Bhalerao, J.-Y. Ollitrault and S. Pal, Event-plane correlators , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.024909 Phys. Rev. C 88 (2013) 024909 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0980 1307.0980 ]

2013 arXiv
[237]

Bilandzic, C.H

A. Bilandzic, C.H. Christensen, K. Gulbrandsen, A. Hansen and Y. Zhou, Generic framework for anisotropic flow analyses with multiparticle azimuthal correlations , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.064904 Phys. Rev. C 89 (2014) 064904 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3572 1312.3572 ]

2014 arXiv
[238]

STAR collaboration, Elliptic flow from two and four particle correlations in Au+Au collisions at s(NN)**(1/2) = 130-GeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.66.034904 Phys. Rev. C 66 (2002) 034904 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0206001 nucl-ex/0206001 ]

2002 arXiv
[239]

ALICE collaboration, Multiparticle azimuthal correlations in p -Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.054901 Phys. Rev. C 90 (2014) 054901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.2474 1406.2474 ]

2014 arXiv
[240]

Gardim, F

F.G. Gardim, F. Grassi, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Breaking of factorization of two-particle correlations in hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.031901 Phys. Rev. C 87 (2013) 031901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.0989 1211.0989 ]

2013 arXiv
[241]

Renk and H

T. Renk and H. Niemi, Constraints from v_2 fluctuations for the initial-state geometry of heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.064907 Phys. Rev. C 89 (2014) 064907 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.2069 1401.2069 ]

2014 arXiv
[242]

L.-G. Pang, H. Petersen, G.-Y. Qin, V. Roy and X.-N. Wang, Decorrelation of anisotropic flow along the longitudinal direction , https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2016-16097-x Eur. Phys. J. A 52 (2016) 97 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.04131 1511.04131 ]

2016 arXiv
[243]

K. Xiao, L. Yi, F. Liu and F. Wang, Factorization of event-plane correlations over transverse momentum in relativistic heavy ion collisions in a multiphase transport model , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.024905 Phys. Rev. C 94 (2016) 024905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.0...

2016 arXiv
[244]

Bo\.zek, Angle and magnitude decorrelation in the factorization breaking of collective flow , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.064906 Phys

P. Bo\.zek, Angle and magnitude decorrelation in the factorization breaking of collective flow , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.064906 Phys. Rev. C 98 (2018) 064906 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04248 1808.04248 ]

2018 arXiv
[245]

Nielsen and Y

E.G. Nielsen and Y. Zhou, Transverse momentum decorrelation of the flow vector in Pb Pb collisions at s_ _ NN = 5.02 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11693-7 Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) 545 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13651 2211.13651 ]

2023 arXiv
[246]

Bozek and H

P. Bozek and H. Mehrabpour, Random model of flow decorrelation , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.108.024907 Phys. Rev. C 108 (2023) 024907 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.12711 2304.12711 ]

2023 arXiv
[247]

Zhu, X.-Y

J. Zhu, X.-Y. Wu and G.-Y. Qin, Anisotropic flow, flow fluctuation and flow decorrelation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions: the roles of sub-nucleon structure and shear viscosity , https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.15536 2401.15536

arXiv
[248]

ALICE collaboration, Harmonic decomposition of two-particle angular correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at s_ NN = 2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.01.060 Phys. Lett. B 708 (2012) 249 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2501 1109.2501 ]

2012 arXiv
[249]

ATLAS collaboration, Fluctuations of anisotropic flow in Pb+Pb collisions at s _ NN = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2020)051 JHEP 01 (2020) 051 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.04808 1904.04808 ]

2020 arXiv
[250]

ALICE collaboration, Systematic study of flow vector decorrelation in s_ _ NN =5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions , https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.15213 2403.15213

arXiv
[251]

Alver, C

B.H. Alver, C. Gombeaud, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Triangular flow in hydrodynamics and transport theory , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.034913 Phys. Rev. C 82 (2010) 034913 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.5469 1007.5469 ]

2010 arXiv
[252]

Werner, I

K. Werner, I. Karpenko, T. Pierog, M. Bleicher and K. Mikhailov, Event-by-Event Simulation of the Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Evolution from Flux Tube Initial Conditions in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.044904 Phys. Rev. C 82 (...

2010 arXiv
[253]

uller and A. Sch\

B. M\"uller and A. Sch\"afer, Transverse Energy Density Fluctuations in Heavy-Ion Collisions in a Gaussian Model , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.114030 Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 114030 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.3347 1111.3347 ]

2012 arXiv
[254]

Heinz, The Strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma created at RHIC , https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/42/21/214003 J

U.W. Heinz, The Strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma created at RHIC , https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/42/21/214003 J. Phys. A 42 (2009) 214003 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.5529 0810.5529 ]

2009 arXiv
[255]

Sorge, Highly sensitive centrality dependence of elliptic flow: A novel signature of the phase transition in QCD , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2048 Phys

H. Sorge, Highly sensitive centrality dependence of elliptic flow: A novel signature of the phase transition in QCD , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2048 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 2048 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/9812057 nucl-th/9812057 ]

1999 arXiv
[256]

Luzum and H

M. Luzum and H. Petersen, Initial State Fluctuations and Final State Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/41/6/063102 J. Phys. G 41 (2014) 063102 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5503 1312.5503 ]

2014 arXiv
[257]

ALICE collaboration, Transverse momentum spectra and nuclear modification factors of charged particles in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2018)013 JHEP 11 (2018) 013 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.09145 1802.09145 ]

2018 arXiv
[258]

ATLAS collaboration, Charged-hadron production in pp , p +Pb, Pb+Pb, and Xe+Xe collisions at s_ _ NN =5 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2023)074 JHEP 07 (2023) 074 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15257 2211.15257 ]

2023 arXiv
[259]

ALICE collaboration, Centrality dependence of , K, p production in Pb-Pb collisions at s_ NN = 2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.044910 Phys. Rev. C 88 (2013) 044910 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.0737 1303.0737 ]

2013 arXiv
[260]

ALICE collaboration, Production of charged pions, kaons, and (anti-)protons in Pb-Pb and inelastic pp collisions at s_ NN = 5.02 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.101.044907 Phys. Rev. C 101 (2020) 044907 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07678 1910.07678 ]

2020 arXiv
[261]

Lee, U.W

K.S. Lee, U.W. Heinz and E. Schnedermann, Search for Collective Transverse Flow Using Particle Transverse Momentum Spectra in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions , https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01572035 Z. Phys. C 48 (1990) 525

1990 doi
[262]

Hung and E.V

C.M. Hung and E.V. Shuryak, Equation of state, radial flow and freezeout in high-energy heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.57.1891 Phys. Rev. C 57 (1998) 1891 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9709264 hep-ph/9709264 ]

1998 arXiv
[263]

Gardim, F

F.G. Gardim, F. Grassi, Y. Hama, M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Directed flow at mid-rapidity in event-by-event hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.064901 Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) 064901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.4605 1103.4605 ]

2011 arXiv
[264]

STAR collaboration, Azimuthal anisotropy at RHIC: The First and fourth harmonics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.069901 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 062301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0310029 nucl-ex/0310029 ]

2004 arXiv
[265]

PHOBOS collaboration, Energy dependence of directed flow over a wide range of pseudorapidity in Au + Au collisions at RHIC , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.012301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 012301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0511045 nucl-ex/0511045 ]

2006 arXiv
[266]

STAR collaboration, System-size independence of directed flow at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.252301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 252301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.1518 0807.1518 ]

2008 arXiv
[267]

Bozek, W

P. Bozek, W. Broniowski and J. Moreira, Torqued fireballs in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.034911 Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) 034911 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.3354 1011.3354 ]

2011 arXiv
[268]

Chatterjee and P

S. Chatterjee and P. Bo\.zek, Large directed flow of open charm mesons probes the three dimensional distribution of matter in heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.192301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 (2018) 192301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01189 1712.01189 ]

2018 arXiv
[269]

Parida and S

T. Parida and S. Chatterjee, Directed flow in a baryonic fireball , https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15729 2211.15729

arXiv
[270]

Luzum and J.-Y

M. Luzum and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Directed flow at midrapidity in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.102301 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 102301 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.6361 1011.6361 ]

2011 arXiv
[271]

P.M. Dinh, N. Borghini and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Effects of HBT correlations on flow measurements , https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00181-7 Phys. Lett. B 477 (2000) 51 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/9912013 nucl-th/9912013 ]

2000 arXiv
[272]

Borghini, P.M

N. Borghini, P.M. Dinh and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Are flow measurements at SPS reliable? , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.034902 Phys. Rev. C 62 (2000) 034902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0004026 nucl-th/0004026 ]

2000 arXiv
[273]

Moravcova, K

Z. Moravcova, K. Gulbrandsen and Y. Zhou, Generic algorithm for multiparticle cumulants of azimuthal correlations in high energy nucleus collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.024913 Phys. Rev. C 103 (2021) 024913 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07974 2005.07974 ]

2021 arXiv
[274]

Giacalone, J

G. Giacalone, J. Noronha-Hostler and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Relative flow fluctuations as a probe of initial state fluctuations , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.054910 Phys. Rev. C 95 (2017) 054910 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.01730 1702.01730 ]

2017 arXiv
[275]

Kozlov, M

I. Kozlov, M. Luzum, G. Denicol, S. Jeon and C. Gale, Transverse momentum structure of pair correlations as a signature of collective behavior in small collision systems , https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.3976 1405.3976

arXiv
[276]

Gardim, F

F.G. Gardim, F. Grassi, P. Ishida, M. Luzum, P.S. Magalh\ aes and J. Noronha-Hostler, Sensitivity of observables to coarse-graining size in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.064919 Phys. Rev. C 97 (2018) 064919 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03912 1712.03912 ]

2018 arXiv
[277]

Zhao, H.-j

W. Zhao, H.-j. Xu and H. Song, Collective flow in 2.76 A TeV and 5.02 A TeV Pb+Pb collisions , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5186-x Eur. Phys. J. C 77 (2017) 645 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10792 1703.10792 ]

2017 arXiv
[278]

CMS collaboration, Studies of Azimuthal Dihadron Correlations in Ultra-Central PbPb Collisions at s_ NN = 2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2014)088 JHEP 02 (2014) 088 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.1845 1312.1845 ]

2014 arXiv
[279]

ALICE collaboration, Searches for p_ T dependent fluctuations of flow angle and magnitude in Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2014.08.068 Nucl. Phys. A 931 (2014) 949 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.7677 1407.7677 ]

2014 arXiv
[280]

Bo\.zek, W

P. Bo\.zek, W. Broniowski, M. Rybczynski and G. Stefanek, GLISSANDO 3: GLauber Initial-State Simulation AND mOre..., ver. 3 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2019.07.014 Comput. Phys. Commun. 245 (2019) 106850 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.04484 1901.04484 ]

2019 arXiv
[281]

Jia and P

J. Jia and P. Huo, Forward-backward eccentricity and participant-plane angle fluctuations and their influences on longitudinal dynamics of collective flow , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.034915 Phys. Rev. C 90 (2014) 034915 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.6077 1403.6077 ]

2014 arXiv
[282]

J. Jia, P. Huo, G. Ma and M. Nie, Observables for longitudinal flow correlations in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/aa74c3 J. Phys. G 44 (2017) 075106 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.02183 1701.02183 ]

2017 arXiv
[283]

Bozek and R

P. Bozek and R. Samanta, Probing Flow Fluctuations Through Factorization Breaking of Harmonic Flows in Heavy-ion Collision , https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolBSupp.16.1-A85 Acta Phys. Polon. Supp. 16 (2023) 1 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.01015 2208.01015 ]

2023 arXiv
[284]

ALICE collaboration, E. Nielsen. https://indico.cern.ch/event/854124/contributions/4134638/attachments/2169760/3663072/IS2021_slides_v8.pdf, 2021

2021
[285]

Teaney and L

D. Teaney and L. Yan, Non linearities in the harmonic spectrum of heavy ion collisions with ideal and viscous hydrodynamics , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.86.044908 Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 044908 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1206.1905 1206.1905 ]

2012 arXiv
[286]

Jia and D

J. Jia and D. Teaney, Study on initial geometry fluctuations via participant plane correlations in heavy ion collisions: part II , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2558-8 Eur. Phys. J. C 73 (2013) 2558 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3585 1205.3585 ]

2013 arXiv
[287]

Qiu and U

Z. Qiu and U. Heinz, Hydrodynamic event-plane correlations in Pb+Pb collisions at s =2.76 ATeV , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.09.030 Phys. Lett. B 717 (2012) 261 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.1200 1208.1200 ]

2012 arXiv
[288]

Teaney and L

D. Teaney and L. Yan, Event-plane correlations and hydrodynamic simulations of heavy ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.024902 Phys. Rev. C 90 (2014) 024902 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3689 1312.3689 ]

2014 arXiv
[289]

Qian, U.W

J. Qian, U.W. Heinz and J. Liu, Mode-coupling effects in anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.064901 Phys. Rev. C 93 (2016) 064901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.02813 1602.02813 ]

2016 arXiv
[290]

Giacalone, L

G. Giacalone, L. Yan, J. Noronha-Hostler and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Symmetric cumulants and event-plane correlations in Pb + Pb collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.014906 Phys. Rev. C 94 (2016) 014906 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.08303 1605.08303 ]

2016 arXiv
[291]

Giacalone, L

G. Giacalone, L. Yan and J.-Y. Ollitrault, Nonlinear coupling of flow harmonics: Hexagonal flow and beyond , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.054905 Phys. Rev. C 97 (2018) 054905 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.00253 1803.00253 ]

2018 arXiv
[292]

ATLAS collaboration, Measurement of Event Plane Correlations in Pb-Pb Collisions at s_ NN =2.76 TeV with the ATLAS Detector , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2012.12.043 Nucl. Phys. A 910-911 (2013) 276 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.1427 1208.1427 ]

2013 arXiv
[293]

ALICE collaboration, Linear and non-linear flow modes in Pb-Pb collisions at s_ NN = 2.76 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.07.060 Phys. Lett. B 773 (2017) 68 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.04377 1705.04377 ]

2017 arXiv
[294]

CMS collaboration, Mixed higher-order anisotropic flow and nonlinear response coefficients of charged particles in PbPb collisions at [b] s_ _ NN = 2.76 and 5.02 \, TeV , https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-7834-9 Eur. Phys. J. C 80 (2020) 534 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1910....

2020 arXiv
[295]

ALICE collaboration, Higher harmonic non-linear flow modes of charged hadrons in Pb-Pb collisions at s_ NN = 5.02 TeV , https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2020)085 JHEP 05 (2020) 085 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00633 2002.00633 ]

2020 arXiv
[296]

J. Qian, U. Heinz, R. He and L. Huo, Differential flow correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.054908 Phys. Rev. C 95 (2017) 054908 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04077 1703.04077 ]

2017 arXiv
[297]

F. Liu, A. Tai, M. Gazdzicki and R. Stock, On transverse momentum event by event fluctuations in string hadronic models , https://doi.org/10.1007/s100529900002 Eur. Phys. J. C 8 (1999) 649 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9809320 hep-ph/9809320 ]

1999 arXiv
[298]

Voloshin, V

S.A. Voloshin, V. Koch and H.G. Ritter, Event-by-event fluctuations in collective quantities , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.60.024901 Phys. Rev. C 60 (1999) 024901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/9903060 nucl-th/9903060 ]

1999 arXiv
[299]

Korus, S

R. Korus, S. Mrowczynski, M. Rybczynski and Z. Wlodarczyk, Transverse momentum fluctuations due to temperature variation in high-energy nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.64.054908 Phys. Rev. C 64 (2001) 054908 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0106041 nucl-th...

2001 arXiv
[300]

Ferreiro, F

E.G. Ferreiro, F. del Moral and C. Pajares, Transverse momentum fluctuations and percolation of strings , https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.69.034901 Phys. Rev. C 69 (2004) 034901 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0303137 hep-ph/0303137 ]

2004 arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed August 15, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

Gaillard, P.D

M.K. Gaillard, P.D. Grannis and F.J. Sciulli, The Standard model of particle physics , https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S96 Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 (1999) S96 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9812285 hep-ph/9812285 ]

arXiv 1999

[2] [2]

Thomson, Modern Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press (2013)

M. Thomson, Modern Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press (2013)

2013

[3] [3]

KOBAYASHI, Experimental verification of the standard model of particle physics, https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.97.013 Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 97 (2021) 211

T. KOBAYASHI, Experimental verification of the standard model of particle physics, https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.97.013 Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 97 (2021) 211

work page doi:10.2183/pjab.97.013 2021

[4] [4]

Heinz, Towards the Little Bang Standard Model , https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/455/1/012044 J

U.W. Heinz, Towards the Little Bang Standard Model , https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/455/1/012044 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 455 (2013) 012044 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.3634 1304.3634 ]

arXiv 2013

[5] [5]

Voloshin, A.M

S.A. Voloshin, A.M. Poskanzer and R. Snellings, Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01539-7_10 Landolt-Bornstein 23 (2010) 293 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.2949 0809.2949 ]

arXiv 2010

[6] [6]

Florkowski, Phenomenology Of Ultra-relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions, World Scientific Publishing Company (2010)

W. Florkowski, Phenomenology Of Ultra-relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions, World Scientific Publishing Company (2010)

2010

[7] [7]

Heinz and R

U. Heinz and R. Snellings, Collective flow and viscosity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170540 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63 (2013) 123 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.2826 1301.2826 ]

arXiv 2013

[8] [8]

Busza, K

W. Busza, K. Rajagopal and W. van der Schee, Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture, and the Big Questions , https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020852 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 68 (2018) 339 [ https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.04801 1802.04801 ]

arXiv 2018