Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 25 of 25 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2505.17894.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.17894 v2

Coverage vector

measured 25 of 25 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:32.555016Z

measured 26 of 26 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-12T23:41:46.854165Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

25 of 25 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy4
unresolved20
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 43e58185-6772-4902-9d87-e86e9f1e4e31 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:28.938020Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a7bb2743-a287-4f09-92f0-d7a1985b3561 · outbound

This paper cites ALLaM: Large Language Models for Arabic and English.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model ALLaM: Large Language Models for Arabic and English

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:29.309811Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30f75e32-0500-40a8-aaea-f4672e9d7f0b · outbound

This paper cites Overview of the IWSLT 2017 evaluation cam- paign.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Overview of the IWSLT 2017 evaluation cam- paign

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:34.455664Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 5e6f8721-8197-4dd7-a4cf-3c3e1674f571 · outbound

This paper cites Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:33.275067Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 31a456e1-0e55-4ec2-ba72-b7bdfe70d0be · outbound

This paper cites AceGPT, Localizing Large Language Models in Arabic.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model AceGPT, Localizing Large Language Models in Arabic

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:30.319927Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58ee0409-e978-4b6d-a8c4-e937fe9cac01 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model GPT-4o System Card

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:30.469770Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 916a3325-c513-4576-ad49-4bb0070330e2 · outbound

This paper cites LLaMAX: Scaling Linguistic Horizons of LLM by Enhancing Translation Capabilities Beyond 100 Languages.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model LLaMAX: Scaling Linguistic Horizons of LLM by Enhancing Translation Capabilities Beyond 100 Languages

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:30.850182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4866f3a2-76f8-433d-b469-49d9346e1416 · outbound

This paper cites AraT5: Text-to-Text Transformers for Arabic Language Generation.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model AraT5: Text-to-Text Transformers for Arabic Language Generation

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:30.965852Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e035d105-354e-45b9-bf21-4eef75aa83da · outbound

This paper cites Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:31.068888Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 18855395-0416-4184-a0cf-d92c65604647 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:31.200030Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 05b03dc2-289e-4dd3-830f-97944180f48c · outbound

This paper cites No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:31.316865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 37c806f7-68c7-42f5-9036-c960296fafa8 · outbound

This paper cites Prompting PaLM for Translation: Assessing Strategies and Performance.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Prompting PaLM for Translation: Assessing Strategies and Performance

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:31.596209Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 396428db-7146-4ecd-9160-97725af9a969 · outbound

This paper cites Few-shot learning with multilingual gen- erative language models.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Few-shot learning with multilingual gen- erative language models

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:34.073678Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b7fa3071-d152-4d6e-b482-2b494c7d067f · outbound

This paper cites A Paradigm Shift in Machine Translation: Boosting Translation Performance of Large Language Models.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model A Paradigm Shift in Machine Translation: Boosting Translation Performance of Large Language Models

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:31.982915Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 76942e29-8a3a-4c7e-98e0-c27e00b4b92e · outbound

This paper cites X-ALMA: Plug & Play Modules and Adaptive Rejection for Quality Translation at Scale.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model X-ALMA: Plug & Play Modules and Adaptive Rejection for Quality Translation at Scale

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:32.125286Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4e253bba-8e72-47bf-981d-5e3231fb0240 · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models: Empirical Results and Analysis.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Multilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models: Empirical Results and Analysis

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:32.415159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d076dcf2-223d-4231-a1b9-39f7bade9e7c · outbound

This paper cites ةنيدملﺍ"،.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model ةنيدملﺍ"،

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:33.774790Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 3c71f299-7ca1-4a35-b22f-e8500133caad · outbound

This paper cites Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Reference 2016

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:31.475675Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 10ef5946-5887-4833-a650-e1374c6066cc · outbound

This paper cites URL https://aclanthology.org/2017.iwslt-1.1.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model URL https://aclanthology.org/2017.iwslt-1.1

Reference 2017

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:34.245210Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation bb5daabb-a571-4785-923e-91a620507ed1 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-Dictionary Prompting Elicits Translation in Large Language Models.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Chain-of-Dictionary Prompting Elicits Translation in Large Language Models

Reference 2020

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:30.675657Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b53453b8-f840-4739-b9fe-74a96e924467 · outbound

This paper cites mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer

Reference 2021

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:32.260670Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 148b519a-f2d1-4e7c-8296-56448187d3c0 · outbound

This paper cites Tower: An Open Multilingual Large Language Model for Translation-Related Tasks.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Tower: An Open Multilingual Large Language Model for Translation-Related Tasks

Reference 2022

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:29.047782Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 55f3c3fa-ee0e-47c9-81c5-31d07083d98f · outbound

This paper cites In-context Examples Selection for Machine Translation.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model In-context Examples Selection for Machine Translation

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:28.993382Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6a79e427-7a9f-4def-b49b-15f2ad6b9861 · outbound

This paper cites Aya 23: Open Weight Releases to Further Multilingual Progress.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Aya 23: Open Weight Releases to Further Multilingual Progress

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:29.122120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ffb08b4d-6b2a-44f9-8776-c26dcf3d0149 · outbound

This paper cites WMT24++: Expanding the Language Coverage of WMT24 to 55 Languages & Dialects.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model WMT24++: Expanding the Language Coverage of WMT24 to 55 Languages & Dialects

Reference 2025

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:30.060882Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 3ecc3a74-055f-4a86-a36c-725bbb477060 · inbound

RightNow-Arabic-0.5B-Turbo: An Open Sub-1B Arabic Language Model via Vocabulary Injection and Edge-First Deployment cites this paper.

RightNow-Arabic-0.5B-Turbo: An Open Sub-1B Arabic Language Model via Vocabulary Injection and Edge-First Deployment Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-12T23:41:46.854165Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.