Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations?

As of 13 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 37 of 37 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.19015.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.19015 v2

Coverage vector

measured 37 of 37 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:07.489391Z

measured 39 of 39 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-03T13:26:06.713886Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

37 of 37 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy0
unresolved36
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 94638c2e-606d-4dbb-9e17-61e2c405cf06 · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:04.016067Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9ea1da04-f617-4fe9-8880-a1f75defe4b7 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:04.199896Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 85c76fd1-5255-4319-9c6b-f442c04bdd16 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:04.305365Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 04321268-c26f-4c1a-8693-d555a8a2fd45 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:10.227755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 7b406e20-d445-4681-a415-e8c4673aa066 · outbound

This paper cites SpatialBot: Precise Spatial Understanding with Vision Language Models.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? SpatialBot: Precise Spatial Understanding with Vision Language Models

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:04.556539Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 71a025e6-50ec-4938-aa1a-ffaeb4266c67 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:04.683366Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6ee4ee5c-9a39-4345-90d7-00518300fbf6 · outbound

This paper cites SpatialRGPT: Grounded Spatial Reasoning in Vision Language Models.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? SpatialRGPT: Grounded Spatial Reasoning in Vision Language Models

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:04.777438Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5910c5c7-c0b6-417f-b3f8-26090edfbe5c · outbound

This paper cites EgoThink: Evaluating First-Person Perspective Thinking Capability of Vision-Language Models.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? EgoThink: Evaluating First-Person Perspective Thinking Capability of Vision-Language Models

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:04.861523Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e5b6b00a-112f-4fb0-b7bb-d1d5ba9207a0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:04.990570Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 208b9e5c-4569-46e9-bf2a-e06398c05537 · outbound

This paper cites EmbSpatial-Bench: Benchmarking Spatial Understanding for Embodied Tasks with Large Vision-Language Models.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? EmbSpatial-Bench: Benchmarking Spatial Understanding for Embodied Tasks with Large Vision-Language Models

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:05.093854Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 24c57652-fcc8-46e0-ae5e-2bb6da3ed56b · outbound

This paper cites MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:05.175871Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cd04fc05-1c0b-432d-b845-c8eabd87d837 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey for Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? A Survey for Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:05.264871Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 652cca04-34ff-4909-9b8d-335a74b4ecfa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:09.988251Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation cbed56f3-c34d-4f67-965c-dc247beb41c2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:09.741763Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation fec98b1a-2dcc-4e76-8fe1-e6d477ccd908 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:09.579034Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 1773f94f-d438-4a2a-bb74-d5b2755fb262 · outbound

This paper cites LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:05.718317Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0d41e7b-d23b-4c9d-bd9c-4de51431891a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:05.842198Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9eace458-3a77-43b0-9f48-a1c7af94ac54 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:09.427448Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 55cdf097-1c50-46a1-bfae-b9cfa6a8fcd9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:09.241890Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation ed5c6e44-bc67-476c-8aab-6c311db9b9c8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:06.159421Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 412c00e5-dc90-46ec-b90f-1bc987e3c628 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:06.250116Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 159aa6df-2de7-4683-a052-955e6dcee207 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:06.318633Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 93aa9eee-a76a-4107-9616-0622e863650c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:09.026833Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 0b6a188c-c912-4935-9f2f-77a8edfa9679 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:06.425516Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1d0ad457-f85f-435c-a485-8344616daf1e · outbound

This paper cites MMHQA-ICL: Multimodal In-context Learning for Hybrid Question Answering over Text, Tables and Images.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? MMHQA-ICL: Multimodal In-context Learning for Hybrid Question Answering over Text, Tables and Images

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:06.523784Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8fbdc9b1-e232-4dd3-807e-8d2afa261895 · outbound

This paper cites P-Tuning v2: Prompt Tuning Can Be Comparable to Fine-tuning Universally Across Scales and Tasks.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? P-Tuning v2: Prompt Tuning Can Be Comparable to Fine-tuning Universally Across Scales and Tasks

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:06.627542Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7f272d00-8eeb-4138-8f64-c735d3004cb6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:08.828915Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 37e2bfd1-b1d1-4f4b-be8b-4daff3631f8c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:08.657963Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation ca18be29-2106-47db-b102-f380972139fe · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:08.500757Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 15815e6a-a2f6-437f-b5aa-4257a1c7f842 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:06.999213Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1bfa95ca-ef8e-4085-91ad-ba81db48bbc0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:08.369030Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation e4ad624f-e49c-4527-8863-40e463aac19b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:08.228301Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 6d4bca06-c6b1-4636-aa82-31f910ef2921 · outbound

This paper cites Can Transformers Capture Spatial Relations between Objects?.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Can Transformers Capture Spatial Relations between Objects?

Reference 33

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:07.735657Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 31e9da66-8395-45cb-ace7-d3729ca6b859 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:08.054120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-13T06:32:02.005865+00:00.

Observation 9bef279a-abe8-4ce1-a3fc-342b17aa70ff · outbound

This paper cites mPLUG-Owl: Modularization Empowers Large Language Models with Multimodality.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? mPLUG-Owl: Modularization Empowers Large Language Models with Multimodality

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:07.339557Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8670db17-2935-4c00-b800-55c2984d1be3 · outbound

This paper cites CoCoT: Contrastive Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Large Multimodal Models with Multiple Image Inputs.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? CoCoT: Contrastive Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Large Multimodal Models with Multiple Image Inputs

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:07.427455Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 52c7551b-2261-42e7-b9d5-ad0aadc87c5d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations? Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:24:07.489391Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 09564187-549e-4c2d-84e4-0eef8ac830b1 · inbound

Spatial-aware Vision Language Model for Autonomous Driving cites this paper.

Spatial-aware Vision Language Model for Autonomous Driving Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations?

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T13:26:06.713886Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e795f2a0-0f3f-4d36-9c85-8229c6859310 · inbound

AnatomiX, an Anatomy-Aware Grounded Multimodal Large Language Model for Chest X-Ray Interpretation cites this paper.

AnatomiX, an Anatomy-Aware Grounded Multimodal Large Language Model for Chest X-Ray Interpretation Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Spatial Relations?

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T12:25:50.226593Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.