Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 49 of 49 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.19356.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.19356 v2

Coverage vector

measured 49 of 49 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:00.678605Z

measured 49 of 49 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

49 of 49 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy3
unresolved41
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch1

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation c92cddcd-7f90-4b4d-b9df-49956f06d480 · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:56.312774Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 22552331-a9d4-4ff3-aca6-8fa6e2bbcb9b · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:56.392172Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 46544f1a-8406-4297-a0cc-192eca24b327 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:56.487692Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b41d3391-945f-4cf0-b410-bf23bd3f90bb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:56.557611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b47a9ddc-31a6-49eb-9799-01b89a357de4 · outbound

This paper cites Walia-LLM: Enhancing Amharic-LLaMA by Integrating Task-Specific and Generative Datasets.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Walia-LLM: Enhancing Amharic-LLaMA by Integrating Task-Specific and Generative Datasets

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:01.785536Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 0a2a0b5e-e4e6-4cad-b56d-40d95145daf7 · outbound

This paper cites An Amharic News Text classification Dataset.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval An Amharic News Text classification Dataset

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:01.698824Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation d0270011-c231-4376-bef9-14e9cb8a23c7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:56.794913Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation a3e588a2-05b0-418a-b5f2-c9a7111ae68b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:04.555289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4fd40ecd-905a-4577-83f4-2ffa5ed23776 · outbound

This paper cites MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:56.956189Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 73afe3bf-908d-4189-b4df-2a1539a8d4a8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:57.058072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 42f99739-9c87-4712-b9f9-0e4951f7623a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:04.369218Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 57a06b7d-7432-408b-9915-d22d7fed67f2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:04.216637Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 0906bd9e-bf5a-4ed6-8949-bd4ddeaa874c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:57.388002Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b40b5ecd-5281-46da-b215-85a8d93d2358 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:57.564347Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 254ae221-96c6-433a-9688-c1cbdb2af15e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:57.681904Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e441e0be-3623-42be-bfe9-e2eaaa743d1d · outbound

This paper cites SPLADE v2: Sparse Lexical and Expansion Model for Information Retrieval.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval SPLADE v2: Sparse Lexical and Expansion Model for Information Retrieval

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:57.773684Z

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Observation 7cf61ed0-7382-4777-8a7a-70716a3d92b4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:57.888912Z

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Observation 2b46198c-47f8-415e-8a0f-d2c35fcb9786 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:03.989015Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 69e169e4-38b7-40d8-9b7a-375eda1c1d28 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:03.819763Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4b477443-23ba-44bf-b04b-1d958657c2cb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:03.626754Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 5bf0bdbd-297c-46cc-88d8-0af861d9a875 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:58.352357Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 858a8d91-5940-4245-995c-09b6eeaad464 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:03.468389Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 57d69d9e-d29d-4491-be6f-c88717e01e79 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:03.225064Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation f81ab339-184e-44f0-a50a-fc4c0b2f1bda · outbound

This paper cites Dai, Jakob Uszkoreit, Quoc Le, and Slav Petrov.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Dai, Jakob Uszkoreit, Quoc Le, and Slav Petrov

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:58.742774Z

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Observation 433c750b-fc49-4b92-b8b0-7814ffea0bcb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:03.052117Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation befb7fc6-c5ca-45ab-934a-3db85d173660 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:58.831343Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 26914005-c64c-4cb3-9722-b8a33db22e68 · outbound

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Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Passage Re-ranking with BERT

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:58.876548Z

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Observation 7801a1ef-8e20-4a7d-935d-ca4166be8790 · outbound

This paper cites Multi-Stage Document Ranking with BERT.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Multi-Stage Document Ranking with BERT

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:58.911482Z

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Observation c4c195e9-4af4-47bc-8b4f-360df7d71eda · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:58.974387Z

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Observation 2c49b832-b0d7-4d8e-a05c-9ac02f464c31 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: metadata mismatch; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:01.382635Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 9f818ef8-b8e9-40d6-bee1-17a4b9788683 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

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Observation af4a8906-c26d-4c98-be8a-d0dc59a289b5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

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Observation c5a23add-a00e-4632-b786-031d87f7fb07 · outbound

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Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:59.322047Z

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Observation 67f9ce51-03c6-4f41-ac6f-711cc4b89953 · outbound

This paper cites Robertson and Steve Walker.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Robertson and Steve Walker

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:02.849365Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 412bb903-dc7d-4d39-89c5-eaf3ec91f1d2 · outbound

This paper cites Robertson and Hugo Zaragoza.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Robertson and Hugo Zaragoza

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:02.672383Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d4ae8838-b642-4e24-a14c-4eb678974b4e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:59.582294Z

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Observation 6cac8e83-0680-4f4c-8c0a-c7ce14e6fbe3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:02.504951Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation fa2500dd-b069-4755-b6d7-1ef011b41688 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:59.757215Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dc536aac-ef5a-410e-b89b-5a2628d5aca5 · outbound

This paper cites Cohen, and Donald Metzler.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Cohen, and Donald Metzler

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:02.355964Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 328e8d10-c8f0-40f0-82be-c88dd3997c0a · outbound

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Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERification

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:20:59.935525Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation c85f430a-1dd0-45f0-847c-6cd83bfb67c3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f796041a-7bac-47c0-874b-39e3c341d23b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:01.049773Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2fe6edf2-f1fc-4125-9d6d-c1c774f8d78f · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual E5 Text Embeddings: A Technical Report.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Multilingual E5 Text Embeddings: A Technical Report

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:00.156505Z

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Observation 306ef641-bc7e-445e-b35d-5fe3562492e1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:02.243790Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 32818a24-dc7b-4bc5-9d1e-12276e7ce4e3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:02.060204Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation a08bdcae-a317-49a4-8204-1a0b4cfdbf00 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:00.875105Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation aceb65d4-c0c2-4fdd-8594-934993722d61 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:21:01.955465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation c92e6f59-9dd7-4f0a-9b45-4f0d36ed53d5 · outbound

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Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Arctic-Embed 2.0: Multilingual Retrieval Without Compromise

Reference 48

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Observation eb3b92c5-bb86-47d0-a5cc-d72a44240cc1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Optimized Text Embedding Models and Benchmarks for Amharic Passage Retrieval Unresolved cited work

Reference 49

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Pith citing papers

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