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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese

As of 14 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 69 of 69 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.22645.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.22645 v1

Coverage vector

measured 69 of 69 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:42.832179Z

measured 69 of 69 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

69 of 69 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact2
  • verified fuzzy3
  • unresolved59
  • parse uncertain1
  • malformed identifier4
  • metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 806cbf78-14a8-4686-b25e-f37e58e02a7a · outbound

This paper cites Name Statistics.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Name Statistics

Reference 1

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:51.974810Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

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Observation e134bea7-5321-44e5-95b7-cc82d6e9d3f1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

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raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:51.717831Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:30.465233Z digest=sha256:7dc70aca678928ec50cae350780217451083e300bc21f3549e0885e3eba05104

Observation 7ba7a29b-d40a-4f91-9e3e-e2352b3b0fa1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:30.562014Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:30.562014Z digest=sha256:2190d2b967eee939b04a0fff89f5b21cb43fa66ee1eac46aef139a198070eb39

Observation 3ec538b4-f350-4d69-bf2d-9c23e8fecd73 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:51.368135Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:30.637930Z digest=sha256:e34cc6602893cb3ee9ab244b67e58eef12ef0d4c51ae15ab3f62dd9785cb860e

Observation 40c8c91f-3b72-451f-b60d-be04703875e4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:51.066526Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:30.709540Z digest=sha256:1700a8966a5ee09e3cbb59b39171266f757e40d4cfbc80e5fa8de622733d553c

Observation 08118452-384f-427b-b7ce-c4d8ce69be66 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen Technical Report.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Qwen Technical Report

Reference 6

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:30.966681Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:30.966681Z digest=sha256:232aa4b2680fa55502917c580def71babdd8b494f50f422444032362362c84d4

Observation 3610d40b-9b61-4e94-8c29-f03ef42a810b · outbound

This paper cites 2023.Fairness and Machine Learning: Limitations and Opportunities.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese 2023.Fairness and Machine Learning: Limitations and Opportunities

Reference 7

Resolution
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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:31.038595Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.038595Z digest=sha256:6af610e534b553a60d5683ea16189dfa0cec698bf78839a8a026f822375a065e

Observation c8fd8195-f088-492d-af15-c39e82df5079 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

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malformed identifier
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:31.121545Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.121545Z digest=sha256:a554f30db34aaf01a31e2ce43ea5b954032b490014b70d6d9bdaa332bdc4f967

Observation 4ad853fc-25cb-403f-8155-25d6f62cffab · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution
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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:31.176260Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.176260Z digest=sha256:d505565800cf5914f8e815e7282d4bc6db7487a72478b0941911af0b952b13be

Observation f8a106b8-a9c7-4fce-ac95-33382e95e19b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:50.383742Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.271552Z digest=sha256:51547e02ba51719a5b4ead16e0480ffc8fab440418412d00f3a06f4f705ed6eb

Observation dff96e0e-1454-4852-ba4c-955ba0a7b0f0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:50.087003Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.341085Z digest=sha256:b567c69fab105995a3ec1cbe093189f69715afc3084b73053bb0fe3700758941

Observation 535d93d4-eb89-47c9-ab13-984146e67b8c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:49.841900Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.417457Z digest=sha256:8191069e03811806fb55f44d2fd3fe67050c1a28f73dbf1c6c8cd800df4ac987

Observation 3f1e23ee-a540-4cb1-b548-6d29e7228923 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:49.518610Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.477934Z digest=sha256:313a6bc68b9d9f8c4f5251dd83b419b85cc32b6d5c23042ec87b0c7558c644bc

Observation c4d7feb4-fd1a-48dd-8794-51f12f2d832d · outbound

This paper cites Extending the Pre-Training of BLOOM for Improved Support of Traditional Chinese: Models, Methods and Results.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Extending the Pre-Training of BLOOM for Improved Support of Traditional Chinese: Models, Methods and Results

Reference 14

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:44.378528Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.583837Z digest=sha256:1576a45da7d3921bcfeb94d13a524f5c345912e823759b6bb7ef46d82f85c763

Observation 9469f5cc-a452-4473-a308-a7c80e849020 · outbound

This paper cites Application of LLM Agents in Recruitment: A Novel Framework for Resume Screening.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Application of LLM Agents in Recruitment: A Novel Framework for Resume Screening

Reference 15

Resolution
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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:31.686414Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.686414Z digest=sha256:2c9ca27be1220c9922251173be2eef9975ba11b935ca31a3feef74c762e0aa76

Observation 94d5e6c4-8849-448a-8c1a-9439129eaf06 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 16

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:31.737715Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.737715Z digest=sha256:3eada5858ceaa9df76a49018fcb5be32dc5fc98647d35ae72a9e491214d2b114

Observation cf3a3b77-e84e-4ec3-8e96-e66ac7b1cba5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:31.790722Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.790722Z digest=sha256:72dcb07f336ffa7848dddff205e59b1e5a54bbf659da2c9a32dc7a06fa147471

Observation a72b53db-c946-4da9-bbeb-413320a07b9a · outbound

This paper cites Dialect prejudice predicts AI decisions about people's character, employability, and criminality.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Dialect prejudice predicts AI decisions about people's character, employability, and criminality

Reference 18

Resolution
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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:31.891737Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:31.891737Z digest=sha256:dbc98fec4b6e70a27e127d1e0523b0680c73cac890feacb3f363fafee74a9cac

Observation 16a8e413-989a-4586-8d7a-cb605fd258a3 · outbound

This paper cites Advancing the Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Language Models: Towards a Comprehensive Benchmark Suite.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Advancing the Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Language Models: Towards a Comprehensive Benchmark Suite

Reference 19

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:32.003247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.003247Z digest=sha256:35b26a684c818028716ff1985ace74b90dfd34e37863e3775233a072dad63290

Observation 8e95398e-d72e-4424-bcb6-fef539f2a188 · outbound

This paper cites Breeze-7B Technical Report.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Breeze-7B Technical Report

Reference 20

Resolution
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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:32.115528Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.115528Z digest=sha256:3540cf5b620043e4ae3da9e6a32e815ee729f3e650849f40a917665b2f7cf7ef

Observation 1514a245-b6a2-46f0-b749-0f9726ff5d19 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution
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raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:49.266063Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.269634Z digest=sha256:13853ba6da4aac3e693394e0a224455a4677f84a71e45463daa0a6401809e3e4

Observation df1a4281-2243-4683-9b8c-767286d7f6d2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:48.973874Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.413554Z digest=sha256:65df328213338ec593c9d7ed10fb18c5b4a81a37f3b99c90c6a9070bdcd0a6e3

Observation 0fe72997-6b9e-44f5-b992-274df1d3bdb4 · outbound

This paper cites CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinese.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinese

Reference 23

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.540526Z digest=sha256:119e77db8e7e82ea4c4771ddcacd3163bddd728076f8f6ba0e206a4284bb927f

Observation 64035ba7-42c5-4781-b986-2e02bd060ad1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

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raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:48.581028Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.634568Z digest=sha256:c143dbd14b68cb7bf351185eb4e7d4b401eba8e8f9dad271b78152a19a615141

Observation b890c390-0539-41d2-ae47-9a73ef83eebe · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

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raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:48.385857Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.722175Z digest=sha256:8e717650f3bca92f262acf100c2e682e4ec54a7dd0f3ad3f7c37eb7405975384

Observation 6f9653be-5fef-4acb-b677-cf50359c90ca · outbound

This paper cites 2014.Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese 2014.Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary

Reference 26

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verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:48.197899Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.821082Z digest=sha256:dd4811cd539619ecbae51dcb89be3d06af4a13c44e6c3f5703246a5ea37af315

Observation 70d0fd2e-a758-4d9b-82c4-387f57b42583 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

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unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:48.098989Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:32.927899Z digest=sha256:9b537f8a10a269bffb50da0251a32e6152ea35a799cf4f47e028942ea30e228b

Observation 14a7e2f5-2b75-4c12-ae78-6962f805f145 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

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unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:47.897485Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:33.014748Z digest=sha256:fc9ef4f649456de9403933d5a57fe9179c332648fbf9760e7a72328bea9bfd94

Observation 3dada96b-9511-4e55-ae8b-0ce95df38746 · outbound

This paper cites Taiwan LLM: Bridging the Linguistic Divide with a Culturally Aligned Language Model.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Taiwan LLM: Bridging the Linguistic Divide with a Culturally Aligned Language Model

Reference 29

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:33.152996Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:33.152996Z digest=sha256:f443e4fa266baa8380612be291baaa5529b27f34033f85cd8d01dd8cfb498f17

Observation 14dec79f-b24c-48da-a872-401136617f89 · outbound

This paper cites M3KE: A Massive Multi-Level Multi-Subject Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Models.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese M3KE: A Massive Multi-Level Multi-Subject Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Models

Reference 30

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:33.253765Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:33.253765Z digest=sha256:242309074a829be6ee4a456ab68afcddd3d5f6263013524cf9d14d265b4b6acf

Observation e7d06946-c116-454c-9acf-741f7e0ffac2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

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raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:47.708876Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:33.684207Z digest=sha256:063540cf592c8aa0df3819adf00066fa060d03c00bc8a927e9094a19d9fb4b87

Observation c96a5d48-19fd-4db4-8fa2-81e2d1274caf · outbound

This paper cites AlignBench: Benchmarking Chinese Alignment of Large Language Models.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese AlignBench: Benchmarking Chinese Alignment of Large Language Models

Reference 32

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:35.123660Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.123660Z digest=sha256:252fc34e7a20e70b4cb1d7234a1b026deda8bde3f59d2e44c12d0c191a54a4f5

Observation af759ff3-f42c-4728-80e7-5ff51f48cf94 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

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unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:47.594564Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.242146Z digest=sha256:983d5f9be029be3af742cafde745f20ba14eb5fd07a63161f5e72ae651810f6a

Observation c293d06b-bcf0-4eed-b842-9541e194039c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:47.428692Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.312505Z digest=sha256:5b00814ee17fe5efc1e09a71602a4c1c447fc63157976d0b8d7a185a02f5307c

Observation 9c35dfd0-7145-434b-b2fb-856a1fe9d120 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

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unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:47.262556Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.363552Z digest=sha256:b47c9a482f0907d3db79443b3fb1bd1b31fb43518ef3c3db295c25fa5eb7097f

Observation 76164aca-ed98-42cc-adfb-57f4143e3ed8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:35.477915Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.477915Z digest=sha256:e6f812f4b89441f222e4dd05055aee53bab6bc25677607b74a99adee75b3bc4b

Observation 44db0511-3636-4d0a-9ae3-9f2c51d09cf3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:47.104216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.616539Z digest=sha256:04b7fcb295e019ab2146c718b5fb0bfedbc17f978743f33f236061bbaca84926

Observation cbf03e0e-e4dd-44be-affe-2a3d747f0dd9 · outbound

This paper cites You Gotta be a Doctor, Lin.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese You Gotta be a Doctor, Lin

Reference 38

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:35.704778Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.704778Z digest=sha256:d2a314650801ddfd69d4fcbce7bb05f018a884ac4369cc8ca97aef659cbbd489

Observation 68c9261f-3b71-4f2f-b115-9e463062d243 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:35.759205Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.759205Z digest=sha256:2044d50736883815f11210baf8e4ef2bc4adcd589bac669ec4bf1a623c7a659f

Observation a96a57f6-9d75-4bdc-8393-ec0c6934c325 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 40

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:35.852792Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.852792Z digest=sha256:aea4c0da49509d9235906ef8705943c390efc2bbd842e512ed876718a8c9db2c

Observation 645f9098-7bcc-4145-b065-66ed8e14bfa0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:46.921259Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.931937Z digest=sha256:4dd22b484c3c0c148b91b50bd78f6173c56f29e79fa3f0c1d38f06441fa169d6

Observation afb468d6-2da8-41e9-ad99-0fb6e746f109 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

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malformed identifier
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:35.981737Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:35.981737Z digest=sha256:b30c82c6d92b46fc319e8f7c7bfb0e55132cfb14f05a36e961a6ef71dc6f0c2a

Observation 48dde9e9-033b-4de0-b243-cfd657b7cf2c · outbound

This paper cites Representation Bias in Political Sample Simulations with Large Language Models.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Representation Bias in Political Sample Simulations with Large Language Models

Reference 43

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:36.053733Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.053733Z digest=sha256:42469c0531d36b2f9727b9d7a4938586511e58caf6ecbd552c7d9b84e40a36d4

Observation 2c159b20-40a3-40eb-a75a-cde45c80f9a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:46.676902Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.113066Z digest=sha256:99816c90126812ceadc57cf1f37aea954bbc43db429c6d413b7c13692f6bef4c

Observation 29aadae1-335c-42fc-99f2-13160effaa0b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:46.407794Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.169580Z digest=sha256:3fd3e5cf604a3895fc04422398da671338952b02521752424d96429826798ed1

Observation a141008e-d4cc-4b50-ba41-b57af47096f2 · outbound

This paper cites DRCD: a Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension Dataset.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese DRCD: a Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension Dataset

Reference 46

Resolution
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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:36.231764Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.231764Z digest=sha256:6250bdf5c136b71db9725cd15126ad67f3c797be14cf016132348330f38c6aec

Observation e8ffec54-4672-4571-8af3-3eb8bd060f03 · outbound

This paper cites Understanding the Capabilities and Limitations of Large Language Models for Cultural Commonsense.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Understanding the Capabilities and Limitations of Large Language Models for Cultural Commonsense

Reference 47

Resolution
verified exact
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:43.395056Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.303605Z digest=sha256:c5a5b30bd9d8baa1b794d98171de47e9d36dc2517c23c3ad0390c102215efffa

Observation 57050bd2-6bd5-4be6-ad2f-16652e4b97e6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 48

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:36.380620Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.380620Z digest=sha256:e89b5ec332e09c5fcc9a3c6ee8f5851f1175ed08c265672b926ad4337df7b379

Observation 7f822631-93e3-410b-8721-8c659899fa22 · outbound

This paper cites An Improved Traditional Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Model.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese An Improved Traditional Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Model

Reference 49

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:36.429274Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.429274Z digest=sha256:b973d27fefcb2a70a05342be58ead548af588019fa9d9e4176f9a106cdf52af1

Observation eb6d16db-f385-4fec-93f9-00d7ec28b149 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 50

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:46.169293Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.493188Z digest=sha256:821f98c84c4f50df5c255829c316fa340848977d62d687447f7e5327139e67f1

Observation e4a6b6e2-a16d-47c1-9ecb-cccd2da9e28f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 51

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:45.921914Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.646064Z digest=sha256:6f0a1279ed590a7b4a70f4d19b67e714ddb6d0bc97c0b01154c562f0532efbbd

Observation 2181d440-b5cf-4ce0-8452-4e3c5006006c · outbound

This paper cites Tokenization Matters! Degrading Large Language Models through Challenging Their Tokenization.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Tokenization Matters! Degrading Large Language Models through Challenging Their Tokenization

Reference 52

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:36.997337Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.997337Z digest=sha256:996ee1760efe57f2de972397b7a93d4750e07fc73bccb801c7fe9e85778ce7b8

Observation cccf2123-61a5-4390-b7f7-956a19eb431f · outbound

This paper cites InInternational Conference on Future Data and Security Engineering.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese InInternational Conference on Future Data and Security Engineering

Reference 53

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:45.664066Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:36.801158Z digest=sha256:80e6a06450b877ee7dc4fc93aa7e1f3f7021690de8d1481261c2f5479efd658f

Observation e5d123ac-7ebf-4b8a-8a2b-eea636c20ea8 · outbound

This paper cites SuperCLUE: A Comprehensive Chinese Large Language Model Benchmark.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese SuperCLUE: A Comprehensive Chinese Large Language Model Benchmark

Reference 54

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:37.868531Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:37.868531Z digest=sha256:2eabe677c3de7ceb52bc1487829f5529bbd1fdc19f0facb7fc784a836032e29c

Observation 241860de-dbbe-437b-be98-94291fab8340 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 55

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:37.153111Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:37.153111Z digest=sha256:4a6cc9abb4d21c5a7673f1db9ae9bd34a352bfc60c251d3f8fadc607abce5e9b

Observation 9fdfa246-e1f6-49a2-b98a-59a8c784ed9d · outbound

This paper cites Baichuan 2: Open Large-scale Language Models.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Baichuan 2: Open Large-scale Language Models

Reference 56

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:41.594989Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:41.594989Z digest=sha256:7855a813fd0a22a2e59b0207ceba7e249acf1cd6b34ccccdcc94428e8319335e

Observation a72ff429-0a63-4623-8c30-c279fc082c76 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 57

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:45.181819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:41.698828Z digest=sha256:e7d38b725aaf6bacfa64e1bcd1685a4238ba6063b9da7a69d681a303a5b31856

Observation d81fe88d-cf40-452e-abd2-5962290990d2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 58

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:45.432677Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:41.450501Z digest=sha256:1d08064d6a909c27eda09e16278de6c0f0bebde8aaac10d73de087bed9d030b3

Observation fb90e844-159d-4fda-9d42-24c1e5d3a756 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 59

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:44.919970Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:41.940753Z digest=sha256:1142d3d482fd9db3e94d3791ff3db926a6584d1fb69d702c6120d06869e0295c

Observation b6a294bb-be51-42d8-a464-9bf13358b22d · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Massive Multitask Chinese Understanding.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Measuring Massive Multitask Chinese Understanding

Reference 60

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:42.054548Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:42.054548Z digest=sha256:d345b6c9817ba2f0fd147edc804de50a7bed70689fde1a3ae7ee8c669c682a0d

Observation 35c49881-b2be-408c-8d4f-30247ceaaf51 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 61

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:41.810565Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:41.810565Z digest=sha256:8a439c988546e6ececc617d5de670d3f0ea87670390fef77d41ef6d8f1294fef

Observation 323ca0c1-13da-442d-a8f8-96100d92722f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 62

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:44.706686Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:42.300278Z digest=sha256:4faf5f1579204ce36c96c1f936ea60fb7e9b4526581ea2ba833bf5982348c9e8

Observation d2609f66-1acf-4929-b275-2829dc9b277b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 63

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:42.412145Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:42.412145Z digest=sha256:b2e8cd0248055ae331228541bacf3e2ac1c958667c79d86bfbac3f10863b6a35

Observation 115e8a3e-4853-4981-843f-0e76cc390340 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 64

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:42.141820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:42.141820Z digest=sha256:b02f9c6458ad1ea4514af615b9e7d5c41658d025db8566ad0dddde25bc932d7a

Observation c6e092f6-a6c0-4566-b94f-c61256041fe3 · outbound

This paper cites AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Models.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Models

Reference 65

Resolution
malformed identifier
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:42.832179Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:42.832179Z digest=sha256:2a63ecf728e52ceeb75ab47b500bd71ff488dff51f94d6cbb4831c9e17703d60

Observation 9ac88aa5-ca0f-4f78-80c0-2d4f8707cfad · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Large Language Models.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese A Survey of Large Language Models

Reference 68

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:42.703548Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:42.703548Z digest=sha256:8cd331feb763f32a7d6b0f45aa0d2da0e0b1684b1a77b68f3c6e0f811597bb74

Observation 3c2418aa-9d83-4713-83f3-307c625ee44a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 2018

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:42.549693Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:42.549693Z digest=sha256:ca46fa9849e5334bc3d1947ffb1e7e2da40e4d256018eacd4927e3aa1a301d59

Observation 76fbcfae-3b87-4731-baf1-89cb3c353ecd · outbound

This paper cites Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models

Reference 2022

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:37.342777Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:37.342777Z digest=sha256:232cb3558aab773ae2312cff3b019bafd642b851017e260e547c786e5636267c

Observation 0b04944f-509a-49b6-a454-95a164a3cb63 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese Unresolved cited work

Reference 2023

Resolution
parse uncertain
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T13:08:50.701651Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T13:08:30.864747Z digest=sha256:f1a67542408a19c98e75a6ed8d0c7a219e048470dd976807730011ef654714ed

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.