Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

As of 14 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 7 of 7 outbound references and 8 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.23796.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.23796 v1

Coverage vector

measured 7 of 7 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T14:05:14.629233Z

measured 15 of 15 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00

measured 8 of 8 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:12.455357Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-04T08:29:41.413679Z

Reference resolution

7 of 7 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy4
unresolved3
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation de60b838-71f2-458b-8b52-8cff5daf7bde · outbound

This paper cites Emergent social conventions and collective bias in llm populations.

Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage Emergent social conventions and collective bias in llm populations

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:05:15.345724Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation ddc01214-47f7-460b-9fbd-5013d2f2b2e6 · outbound

This paper cites Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMs.

Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMs

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:05:14.101878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 814c60bf-c255-45b9-8cfb-0dc944b45711 · outbound

This paper cites Are economists different, and if so, why? Journal of Economic Perspectives , 5(2):171–177, 1991.

Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage Are economists different, and if so, why? Journal of Economic Perspectives , 5(2):171–177, 1991

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:05:15.178675Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 139254e8-a449-449f-b1e0-0776920520db · outbound

This paper cites Sparse Autoencoders Find Highly Interpretable Features in Language Models.

Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage Sparse Autoencoders Find Highly Interpretable Features in Language Models

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:05:14.327715Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f2e02968-cc56-410c-8eaa-6e5749aa3ab0 · outbound

This paper cites Generalization or Memorization: Data Contamination and Trustworthy Evaluation for Large Language Models.

Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage Generalization or Memorization: Data Contamination and Trustworthy Evaluation for Large Language Models

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:05:14.401023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d2d2e28d-b6fb-4001-91ca-078eb5eee96e · outbound

This paper cites New rules of sociological method.

Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage New rules of sociological method

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:05:14.989647Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation aa5fad95-67ef-4f10-be25-c90600a2fe20 · outbound

This paper cites Latesteval: Addressing data contamination in language model evaluation through dynamic and time- sensitive test construction.

Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage Latesteval: Addressing data contamination in language model evaluation through dynamic and time- sensitive test construction

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:05:14.835019Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 66dc9b26-f279-45a0-9e8b-f8a702135cd3 · inbound

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" cites this paper.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:12.455357Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 35b46467-7090-4273-a7f8-24ce87984a44 · inbound

Addressing Longstanding Challenges in Cognitive Science with Language Models cites this paper.

Addressing Longstanding Challenges in Cognitive Science with Language Models Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 93

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T06:55:25.071651Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 775d19c3-1145-4681-81da-9ca3519997d9 · inbound

Large language models replicate and predict human cooperation across experiments in game theory cites this paper.

Large language models replicate and predict human cooperation across experiments in game theory Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:43:38.088564Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 53dad729-a402-4d0d-bdc6-0900052e02ff · inbound

EASE Configuration Facilitates A Reproducible Science of LLM Social Simulations cites this paper.

EASE Configuration Facilitates A Reproducible Science of LLM Social Simulations Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-28T23:52:49.427884Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 3bc655fb-c698-4604-ad72-3a4b58fed375 · inbound

When Is Emergent Consensus Real? A Measured Coupling Gain and a Validity Diagnostic for LLM Agent Societies cites this paper.

When Is Emergent Consensus Real? A Measured Coupling Gain and a Validity Diagnostic for LLM Agent Societies Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T08:29:41.415300Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 112d423d-34d2-4fd9-80c0-1c071cf0892d · inbound

Attractor States Emerge in Multi-Turn LLM Conversations cites this paper.

Attractor States Emerge in Multi-Turn LLM Conversations Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 42

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-30T07:04:21.899778Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 3b873c9b-616f-416a-859d-ab4455e7901b · inbound

Reason-Mediated Behavioral Models for Auditing LLM Social Simulators cites this paper.

Reason-Mediated Behavioral Models for Auditing LLM Social Simulators Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-31T09:13:00.400787Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 01dfdac9-f454-4bce-ad4d-9f737dcd2cff · inbound

Reason-Mediated Behavioral Models for Auditing LLM Social Simulators cites this paper.

Reason-Mediated Behavioral Models for Auditing LLM Social Simulators Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T01:47:59.490820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.