Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias

As of 15 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 50 of 50 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2506.03149.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.03149 v1

Coverage vector

measured 50 of 50 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:45.031532Z

measured 51 of 51 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-28T06:52:41.653304Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-02T07:36:44.867005Z

Reference resolution

50 of 50 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy5
unresolved40
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 7c68f90a-b06f-4c39-9f17-67722af57f9f · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:41.627772Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 83d77823-16b5-4436-8ffe-f20bfcaaab39 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:41.679616Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dfe529ea-4d0f-47dd-be5c-3accf4b88718 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:41.743731Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6b7110f9-e9c3-4714-a6ea-4f7ed1e1e155 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:49.519745Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 2fe9d112-92f3-47cd-a0a8-97ae3bce7887 · outbound

This paper cites Angrist and J \"o rn-Steffen Pischke.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Angrist and J \"o rn-Steffen Pischke

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:49.283692Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 9bcacca9-43ee-4d34-a589-3b2af07f19e0 · outbound

This paper cites Datasheet for the Pile.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Datasheet for the Pile

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:41.951527Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7ab7ee57-e82d-4a26-92be-0aae6ab7b814 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:49.116118Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 2f684bcb-e973-4beb-896b-4b15169a2276 · outbound

This paper cites Cattaneo, Nicolas Idrobo, and Roc\' o Titiunik.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Cattaneo, Nicolas Idrobo, and Roc\' o Titiunik

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:45.816068Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 99de093b-cf59-4be2-91a7-1e7e08809c99 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:42.209406Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3bf9e043-e51b-4eb8-881d-1ba9fe26ae1e · outbound

This paper cites Chang and Benjamin K.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Chang and Benjamin K

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:42.282826Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ce974546-3e7d-4efc-b11e-67ca89cd0364 · outbound

This paper cites Cole and Constantine E.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Cole and Constantine E

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:48.901600Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation aac994a7-1cfb-44a0-b37c-9512b0a54fbd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:42.433409Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30614fef-4bf8-494d-8649-f9d54fc92e5d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:42.550018Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3043fe61-cd68-4c07-92ec-e0cbfc04547b · outbound

This paper cites The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:42.641284Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 310396ea-dc32-4215-8228-bb6e374bb943 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:42.701673Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09f6a2c8-e3bc-4461-abe4-a5c079bb1d7b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:42.767602Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 127cdc4b-d335-4f76-9a27-b812910a8c85 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:46.805727Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation a0455d27-4836-4f5d-accf-b4a43811d0b8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:48.733401Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation dc16a7db-3828-4ed7-92ae-c9be9a81ac67 · outbound

This paper cites The MiniPile Challenge for Data-Efficient Language Models.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias The MiniPile Challenge for Data-Efficient Language Models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:42.992139Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6c84fd22-0dd1-4d88-856c-db4b2afd603d · outbound

This paper cites Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.057825Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ed85e0fa-33a2-4e8a-8eb3-c496d42f0e48 · outbound

This paper cites Theoretical Analysis of Byte-Pair Encoding.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Theoretical Analysis of Byte-Pair Encoding

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.124497Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c59e6199-6e02-4354-87ec-cbaa08bad060 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.206940Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f0507ede-bd0f-402b-ba77-c2fb40c70e8e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.258590Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 034a8b0d-ec27-4764-8b30-91097d5d914a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.324909Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9684aeba-8730-400e-bc44-76dd127f6338 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.391035Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5a17b191-3e49-4419-b800-c6943349db3d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:48.491350Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 2bfdabca-c0fb-4f6a-9630-7d2a6f4f80b7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:48.337565Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 2108986b-cfda-40b9-b2b3-3d827f213f76 · outbound

This paper cites Language Model Tokenizers Introduce Unfairness Between Languages.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Language Model Tokenizers Introduce Unfairness Between Languages

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.589887Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fe3d8b13-c579-4886-8ade-550dda6422b3 · outbound

This paper cites Muckley, and Karen Ullrich.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Muckley, and Karen Ullrich

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:48.119849Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e258dcf5-c2c5-415c-bb17-4ac330c6b23a · outbound

This paper cites Muckley, and Karen Ullrich.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Muckley, and Karen Ullrich

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:47.872851Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation f6c6358b-10cf-4794-b783-5b30671833e8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.816713Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 278a1ece-f95f-464c-aeb8-3848507af6ba · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:47.664634Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 68abd91e-9c85-4586-8070-0a115faf5b4a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:47.459932Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 6bfbcaec-e320-4825-95e6-408625459dfe · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:43.964239Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 813f52bb-1eaa-45d4-9b5f-47b38e7e1658 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.024293Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 781060d9-9737-4db4-b887-7fd706e8af9e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:45.483397Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation d77bd41e-5a68-4719-b6b6-a5204d9d804c · outbound

This paper cites Schmidt, Varshini Reddy, Haoran Zhang, Alec Alameddine, Omri Uzan, Yuval Pinter, and Chris Tanner.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Schmidt, Varshini Reddy, Haoran Zhang, Alec Alameddine, Omri Uzan, Yuval Pinter, and Chris Tanner

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.187293Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f58b3b65-0e64-4ee2-bd8c-6e26f00e9be7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.249700Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 862ddc37-fbd5-4100-b60e-2c9a594524c7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.337119Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 15b8dff5-01df-4b54-a230-77251d63094b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.401615Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a9a85865-965e-42eb-b1b4-b5902776a11e · outbound

This paper cites Thistlewaite and Donald T.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Thistlewaite and Donald T

Reference 41

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:45.277805Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation bb88ba87-b1ad-453a-b617-1fbb6733b5be · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.543522Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9e283aef-657f-4942-84be-e716caaec351 · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.601860Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f0982b19-e0bb-4e0d-a9b6-360f351b2ac9 · outbound

This paper cites From Language Models over Tokens to Language Models over Characters.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias From Language Models over Tokens to Language Models over Characters

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.643052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cf7f876f-ef55-4b09-a7c7-52439b491d0e · outbound

This paper cites Tokenization Matters! Degrading Large Language Models through Challenging Their Tokenization.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Tokenization Matters! Degrading Large Language Models through Challenging Their Tokenization

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.719192Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3619ea83-79bb-4a46-8c48-30b510227766 · outbound

This paper cites Wang, David Leo Wright Hall, Percy Liang, and Tengyu Ma.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Wang, David Leo Wright Hall, Percy Liang, and Tengyu Ma

Reference 46

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:47.312223Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 01cf0a5a-c295-49ea-a309-38b9bcd2a1a5 · outbound

This paper cites Tokenisation is NP-Complete.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Tokenisation is NP-Complete

Reference 47

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:46.067094Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 6124cec5-11cf-4fc0-8cb7-2622023a1201 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:44.905161Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9f055b65-d0a8-46b6-93e1-9b16be29db41 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:47.170285Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e99e4d19-4846-4e0c-950f-4d7f9e215900 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias Unresolved cited work

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:15:45.031532Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 76a87084-3cac-4767-b544-fe48ab3ddd5f · inbound

Validity Threats for Foundation Model Research cites this paper.

Validity Threats for Foundation Model Research Causal Estimation of Tokenisation Bias

Reference 55

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T07:36:44.868476Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.