Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed

As of 14 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 52 of 52 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.09034.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.09034 v2

Coverage vector

measured 52 of 52 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:19.639140Z

measured 54 of 54 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-10T15:16:58.221358Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-11T14:26:03.697196Z

Reference resolution

52 of 52 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy25
unresolved27
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External citation measurements

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Outbound references

Observation 401772d2-ad91-4c1b-82a0-9e5a72015bd3 · outbound

This paper cites The Fine-Grained Complexity of Gradient Computation for Training Large Language Models.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed The Fine-Grained Complexity of Gradient Computation for Training Large Language Models

Reference 1

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Observation 371edf7f-8291-43a8-9299-1556f74c61f4 · outbound

This paper cites signsgd: Compressed optimisation for non-convex problems.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed signsgd: Compressed optimisation for non-convex problems

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:24.439673Z

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Observation 257d54c0-7a3c-46bd-909d-ec6cfe7e45d4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

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Observation 11a945d9-6f45-4886-aab4-f0db33f689c5 · outbound

This paper cites A zeroth-order block coordinate descent algorithm for huge-scale black-box optimization.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed A zeroth-order block coordinate descent algorithm for huge-scale black-box optimization

Reference 4

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Observation 7ef1d4ff-4feb-4b9f-a300-339966aaffcd · outbound

This paper cites Towards efficient low-order hybrid optimizer for language model fine-tuning.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Towards efficient low-order hybrid optimizer for language model fine-tuning

Reference 5

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Observation 05abc027-dc7c-4aa8-9a00-fc3725e0da2e · outbound

This paper cites Zoo: Zeroth order optimization based black-box attacks to deep neural networks without training substitute models.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Zoo: Zeroth order optimization based black-box attacks to deep neural networks without training substitute models

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:24.415298Z

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Observation 35bdf3e2-071b-4dd9-a96c-d43b08afd38a · outbound

This paper cites Enhancing Zeroth-order Fine-tuning for Language Models with Low-rank Structures.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Enhancing Zeroth-order Fine-tuning for Language Models with Low-rank Structures

Reference 7

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Observation 975a7038-cd34-481d-aa55-a59dd83bf1a5 · outbound

This paper cites A Memory Efficient Randomized Subspace Optimization Method for Training Large Language Models.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed A Memory Efficient Randomized Subspace Optimization Method for Training Large Language Models

Reference 8

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 20615687-81d2-4e0a-ad71-29d0ef3c4417 · outbound

This paper cites GPT3.int8(): 8-bit matrix multiplication for transformers at scale.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed GPT3.int8(): 8-bit matrix multiplication for transformers at scale

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:24.408392Z

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Observation 5294bc00-f242-4a35-b7f4-bdc387a05153 · outbound

This paper cites 8-bit optimizers via block-wise quantization.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed 8-bit optimizers via block-wise quantization

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:15.936065Z

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Observation a4b9fe58-c35a-4c89-94a3-c86a43a0e664 · outbound

This paper cites Qlora: Efficient finetuning of quantized llms, 2023.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Qlora: Efficient finetuning of quantized llms, 2023

Reference 11

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Observation 20b3b0fe-48d0-4c9f-8777-5637d4638ad9 · outbound

This paper cites Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:24.393584Z

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Observation e8a5f2b3-b981-4f41-97ca-f590a2cefbf1 · outbound

This paper cites Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:24.386626Z

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Observation c143d954-200f-4a0a-86bb-7edaf31096c2 · outbound

This paper cites Textbooks are all you need, 2023.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Textbooks are all you need, 2023

Reference 14

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Observation c4284200-f4fe-4928-8567-39e794d90df7 · outbound

This paper cites Zeroth-Order Fine-Tuning of LLMs with Extreme Sparsity.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Zeroth-Order Fine-Tuning of LLMs with Extreme Sparsity

Reference 15

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Observation 17cb967b-d8ee-4486-8dfd-bda3862c0c81 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:24.173648Z

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Observation 0f0e9a1e-8a0b-40cb-95b9-8fad43bd4aec · outbound

This paper cites Zavlanos.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Zavlanos

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:23.965917Z

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Observation a5eaa212-133c-4066-8914-753c4472616d · outbound

This paper cites LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models

Reference 18

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Observation 172528c3-4b53-4af2-8b64-b2939fb537f1 · outbound

This paper cites Zo-adamu optimizer: Adapting perturbation by the momentum and uncertainty in zeroth-order optimization, 2023.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Zo-adamu optimizer: Adapting perturbation by the momentum and uncertainty in zeroth-order optimization, 2023

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:23.726056Z

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Observation f7cf890b-bbaa-4858-976e-d0fb7e48d6fd · outbound

This paper cites Adam: A method for stochastic optimization.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Adam: A method for stochastic optimization

Reference 20

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Observation 4c7709c2-60ad-4309-ae96-db758ec9a2f2 · outbound

This paper cites Albert: A lite bert for self-supervised learning of language representations.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Albert: A lite bert for self-supervised learning of language representations

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:23.482983Z

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Observation d6dc67bb-bb87-44bb-8a25-4f9a7ac34a45 · outbound

This paper cites Prefix-tuning: Optimizing continuous prompts for generation.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Prefix-tuning: Optimizing continuous prompts for generation

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:23.356801Z

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Observation 1cdb2e0a-cf70-469e-83ed-7b0c03f2614d · outbound

This paper cites Textbooks are all you need ii: phi-1.5 technical report, 2023.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Textbooks are all you need ii: phi-1.5 technical report, 2023

Reference 23

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Observation 865d6881-f6fe-435b-bc00-274e563e421f · outbound

This paper cites signsgd via zeroth-order oracle.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed signsgd via zeroth-order oracle

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:23.204103Z

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Observation 563022af-63b8-4a70-a694-054d5dbc81aa · outbound

This paper cites RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach

Reference 25

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Observation ed613990-0059-45ad-b0e8-d1316faf0db8 · outbound

This paper cites Sparse mezo: Less parameters for better performance in zeroth-order llm fine-tuning.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Sparse mezo: Less parameters for better performance in zeroth-order llm fine-tuning

Reference 26

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation a4a5eb1e-34da-4c88-a298-2fb9c9067fa0 · outbound

This paper cites Decoupled weight decay regularization.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Decoupled weight decay regularization

Reference 27

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Observation 042c8757-de5b-42f3-a0e4-337073035447 · outbound

This paper cites Lee, Danqi Chen, and Sanjeev Arora.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Lee, Danqi Chen, and Sanjeev Arora

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:17.367818Z

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Observation 1c6e0877-933f-4896-b0eb-f0727a7f9b0b · outbound

This paper cites Simple random search provides a competitive approach to reinforcement learning, 2018.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Simple random search provides a competitive approach to reinforcement learning, 2018

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:23.018149Z

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Observation 9b9d7cf5-e40d-4f64-a9a6-f7fd34e28847 · outbound

This paper cites Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback

Reference 30

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Observation ea2d796c-6421-4d27-b060-3ab2c5446ed0 · outbound

This paper cites Lisa: Layerwise importance sampling for memory-efficient large language model fine-tuning, 2024.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Lisa: Layerwise importance sampling for memory-efficient large language model fine-tuning, 2024

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:22.865569Z

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Observation 62ccb30b-39f4-423c-a1be-fbd6eb82680d · outbound

This paper cites Language models are unsupervised multitask learners.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Language models are unsupervised multitask learners

Reference 32

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Observation 06ce70c0-b402-40f7-8d61-b24aaf6386c9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

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Observation c632f105-acfe-4d98-ad6a-743a0201f256 · outbound

This paper cites BBTv2: Towards a gradient-free future with large language models.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed BBTv2: Towards a gradient-free future with large language models

Reference 34

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Observation 23bfa0b2-9ae4-4d8b-b383-98630456cd7c · outbound

This paper cites Black-box tuning for language-model-as-a-service.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Black-box tuning for language-model-as-a-service

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:22.324272Z

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Observation 6e76a80a-b0e6-44fe-ac7a-e0d00ebef3bd · outbound

This paper cites TeZO: Empowering the Low-Rankness on the Temporal Dimension in the Zeroth-Order Optimization for Fine-tuning LLMs.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed TeZO: Empowering the Low-Rankness on the Temporal Dimension in the Zeroth-Order Optimization for Fine-tuning LLMs

Reference 36

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Observation 0c51361b-1e85-44d6-9190-626648992dc0 · outbound

This paper cites Harmony in divergence: Towards fast, accurate, and memory-efficient zeroth-order llm fine-tuning.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Harmony in divergence: Towards fast, accurate, and memory-efficient zeroth-order llm fine-tuning

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:18.152996Z

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Observation 04ce3f0a-5e64-43e2-98b6-97ff7b715667 · outbound

This paper cites Effectively learning from data and generating data in differentially private machine learning.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Effectively learning from data and generating data in differentially private machine learning

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:22.114987Z

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Observation 21492fc8-527b-42c2-8d83-f821add45a0c · outbound

This paper cites Distributed zero-order algorithms for nonconvex multiagent optimization.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Distributed zero-order algorithms for nonconvex multiagent optimization

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:21.955664Z

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Observation 74ae041b-b99f-4226-a51d-ffd727544402 · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:18.436730Z

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Observation d1f4b06b-ef8f-47ef-8c3f-740a5c66cc9e · outbound

This paper cites ReLIZO: Sample reusable linear interpolation-based zeroth-order optimization.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed ReLIZO: Sample reusable linear interpolation-based zeroth-order optimization

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:21.761290Z

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Observation f1fdc6fb-1f79-4e92-b66d-432319aa900b · outbound

This paper cites The advancement in stochastic zeroth-order optimization: Mechanism of accelerated convergence of gaussian direction on objectives with skewed hessian eigenvalues.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed The advancement in stochastic zeroth-order optimization: Mechanism of accelerated convergence of gaussian direction on objectives with skewed hessian eigenvalues

Reference 42

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:21.532020Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3c8c5f01-987a-4a5e-bc27-6c45ef8225e5 · outbound

This paper cites Roofline: an insightful visual performance model for multicore architectures.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Roofline: an insightful visual performance model for multicore architectures

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:18.710375Z

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Observation aaf8ad52-c4c6-4d25-8bfd-edcee998b732 · outbound

This paper cites Hessian-aware zeroth-order optimization for black-box adversarial attack, 2019.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Hessian-aware zeroth-order optimization for black-box adversarial attack, 2019

Reference 44

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:21.344016Z

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Observation 94bd0414-eb3a-42bc-858e-a95dfaf0323e · outbound

This paper cites Large batch optimization for deep learning: Training bert in 76 minutes.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Large batch optimization for deep learning: Training bert in 76 minutes

Reference 45

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:21.137208Z

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Observation 905aced8-6cfb-4472-a306-7add2198017e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:20.961251Z

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Observation fefcf173-d5eb-483b-ab6d-a5b565581441 · outbound

This paper cites Opt: Open pre-trained transformer language models, 2022.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Opt: Open pre-trained transformer language models, 2022

Reference 47

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Observation df4b3d29-ff6a-477a-b461-3e7b429bd766 · outbound

This paper cites Zavlanos.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Zavlanos

Reference 48

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:20.771156Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation bb4ce295-f819-4ebf-ae80-2ac85949181f · outbound

This paper cites Lee, Wotao Yin, Mingyi Hong, Zhangyang Wang, Sijia Liu, and Tianlong Chen.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Lee, Wotao Yin, Mingyi Hong, Zhangyang Wang, Sijia Liu, and Tianlong Chen

Reference 49

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:20.602533Z

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Observation 6595f162-355b-4091-a23e-eab03b37bbae · outbound

This paper cites HELENE: Hessian Layer-wise Clipping and Gradient Annealing for Accelerating Fine-tuning LLM with Zeroth-order Optimization.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed HELENE: Hessian Layer-wise Clipping and Gradient Annealing for Accelerating Fine-tuning LLM with Zeroth-order Optimization

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T05:06:19.410634Z

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Observation b6128f5b-f2b7-49fa-9e46-2a37b1434676 · outbound

This paper cites Galore: Memory-efficient llm training by gradient low-rank projection.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Galore: Memory-efficient llm training by gradient low-rank projection

Reference 51

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Observation 1486d2ea-dd9f-468d-9000-f53a10e0db4f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed Unresolved cited work

Reference 52

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Pith citing papers

Observation d6f94068-e7a9-4bf1-a44e-f5935d8d505e · inbound

Evolution of Optimization Methods: Algorithms, Scenarios, and Evaluations cites this paper.

Evolution of Optimization Methods: Algorithms, Scenarios, and Evaluations FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed

Reference 5

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T10:51:22.825954Z

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Observation 348f4ee7-2357-450c-b00e-65ca7cc95f97 · inbound

Distributed Zeroth-Order Optimization with Rademacher Perturbations and Momentum Gradient Tracking cites this paper.

Distributed Zeroth-Order Optimization with Rademacher Perturbations and Momentum Gradient Tracking FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T14:26:03.699750Z

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