Pith. sign in

REVIEW 4 major objections 5 minor 172 references

The study of electronic, structural, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties of bulk NbOX2 (X = Cl, Br, and I) using density functional theory

T0 review · 4 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Bulk NbOI2 is predicted to convert stress to charge with a piezoelectric coefficient of 6.32 C/m², beating PZT.

desk verdict Routine DFT extension of known NbOX2 piezoelectrics whose headline 'beats PZT' claim is unsupported because it compares against a transverse PZT film coefficient, not PZT's longitudinal e33. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.15574 v1 pith:EJD45AGG submitted 2025-06-18 cond-mat.mtrl-sci

L. D. Tamang , B. Chettri , L. Celestine , R. Zosiamliana , S. Gurung , A. Laref , Shalika R. Bhandari , Tatyana Orlova
show 1 more author
D. P. Rai
This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.mtrl-sci PACS 71.15.Mb77.65.-j62.20.-x
keywords NbOX2niobiumoxidedihalidespiezoelectricityPBE0hybridfunctionallead-freepiezoelectricselasticconstantsBerryphaseOI2
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper uses density functional theory with a hybrid functional to predict the structural, electronic, elastic, and piezoelectric properties of three layered niobium oxide dihalides, $\mathrm{NbOX_2}$ with $X=\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br},\mathrm{I}$. The central finding is that bulk $\mathrm{NbOI_2}$ converts mechanical stress to electric charge more strongly than the benchmark piezoelectric ceramic PZT, with a computed piezoelectric stress coefficient $e_{22}=6.32\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$. The authors trace the large response to iodine's lower electronegativity raising the dynamical charges, on top of an off-center displacement of niobium inside distorted octahedra. If the prediction is right, $\mathrm{NbOI_2}$ is a lead-free, layered, mechanically soft candidate for sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing setup is density functional theory with the PBE0 hybrid functional, in which polarization is obtained through the Berry-phase approximation and piezoelectric coefficients are evaluated as numerical derivatives of the Berry phase with respect to finite strains applied to the monoclinic $C2$ cell. The physical mechanism that creates the polar ground state is the pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion: each niobium sits off-center in a distorted $\mathrm{NbO_2X_4}$ octahedron, forming $\mathrm{Nb}$–$\mathrm{O}$ dipole pairs, while $\mathrm{Nb}$–$\mathrm{Nb}$ dimerization along the $b$-axis stabilizes the semiconducting state. The specific computed quantity that carries the headline claim is $e_{22}$, the change in $y$-direction polarization per unit $yy$ strain, whose value distinguishes $\mathrm{NbOI_2}$ from its siblings and from PZT.

What would settle it

Grow bulk $\mathrm{NbOI_2}$, apply a known uniaxial strain along the crystallographic $b$-axis, and measure the induced surface charge; if $e_{22}$ comes out near $6.32\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$, the central claim survives, while a value near the PBE-level $3.8\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$ would show the hybrid-functional enhancement is an artifact. A cheaper check is diffraction refinement of the crystal structure: if the niobium off-centering or the $\mathrm{Nb}$–$\mathrm{Nb}$ dimer alternation differs from the $C2$ model used here, the polarization calculation would have to be redone.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that among bulk $\mathrm{NbOX_2}$ ($X=\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br},\mathrm{I}$) in the monoclinic $C2$ structure, $\mathrm{NbOI_2}$ has the largest direct piezoelectric stress coefficient, $e_{22}=6.32\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$ from the PBE0 hybrid functional. This is about 31% higher than the computed values for $\mathrm{NbOCl_2}$ ($4.99\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$) and $\mathrm{NbOBr_2}$ ($4.69\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$), and it exceeds the magnitude of the lead zirconate titanate value ($-4.7\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$) cited in the paper. The response is concentrated in the $y$-component of polarization under $yy$ strain; all other strain components give responses an order of magnitude smaller. The authors attribute the enhancement to higher dynamical charges in the iodide, which they link to iodine's lower electronegativity and the smaller off-center displacement in that compound.

Load-bearing premise

The prediction assumes that the optimized monoclinic $C2$ structures are the true ground states; the paper itself notes that its $\mathrm{NbOCl_2}$ and $\mathrm{NbOBr_2}$ cells are nearly 1 Å shorter along one axis than earlier optimized structures, and it validates the geometries only against other calculations, not against experimental diffraction data.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the prediction holds, bulk $\mathrm{NbOI_2}$ is a lead-free material with a piezoelectric stress response roughly 31% stronger than the PZT reference, and its layered structure leaves it open to exfoliation or composite integration.
  • With PBE0 band gaps between $2.13$ and $2.42$ eV, the three compounds are semiconductors, so a single crystal could in principle pair piezoelectric charge generation with light absorption or photovoltaic operation.
  • The negative Cauchy pressures and predicted brittleness mean any practical device would need encapsulation or protective coatings before repeated mechanical cycling.
  • Because the elastic constants satisfy the Born stability conditions, the three crystals are mechanically stable despite their weak van der Waals interlayer bonding.
  • The machinability index marks $\mathrm{NbOCl_2}$ and $\mathrm{NbOI_2}$, but not $\mathrm{NbOBr_2}$, as suitable for device fabrication.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Going beyond the paper: if the bulk $6.32\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$ value survives measurement, the contrast with the monolayer value $e_{22}=31.6\times10^{-10}\,\mathrm{C/m}$ suggests that layer stacking amplifies rather than screens the polarization response; measuring flakes of increasing thickness would test this directly.
  • Going beyond the paper: the strong functional dependence of the coefficient ($6.32\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$ with PBE0 versus $3.8\,\mathrm{C/m^2}$ with PBE) makes exact-exchange mixing a testable ingredient; hybrid-functional calculations on isostructural iodide or bromide compounds would show whether this enhancement is systematic.
  • Going beyond the paper: since the response is concentrated in one tensor component, the natural energy-harvesting geometry for a macroscopic crystal is a uniaxial stretch or bend along the $b$-axis, a design pointer the paper does not spell out.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 5 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports a density functional theory study of bulk niobium oxide dihalides NbOX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) using the PBE and PBE0 functionals in CRYSTAL17. The authors compute optimized lattice parameters, band structures and gaps, elastic constants, and mechanical properties such as hardness, machinability, melting temperature, and Debye temperature, and they use the Berry phase method to obtain piezoelectric stress tensors. The headline result is a large piezoelectric coefficient e22 = 6.32 C/m2 for NbOI2 at the PBE0 level, which the abstract claims is about 31% higher than the other two compounds and even higher than lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The paper concludes that NbOI2 is a promising lead-free piezoelectric material for energy harvesting.

Significance. If the reported e22 value is correct and the comparison with PZT is properly framed, bulk NbOI2 would be a notable lead-free piezoelectric with a coefficient rivaling the best known materials. The work has the merit of using a hybrid functional and the Berry phase method, and it provides a consistent set of elastic and mechanical properties for three related layered compounds. However, the central claim is weakened by three issues: the PZT benchmark used is a thin-film transverse coefficient rather than PZT's largest coefficient; the computed piezoelectric coefficient varies by about 2.5 C/m2 across functionals (Table VI); and the optimized structures for NbOCl2 and NbOBr2 deviate significantly from earlier reported structures (Section III.A). These issues must be resolved before the headline claim is acceptable.

major comments (4)
  1. [Section I (also abstract and conclusion)] The comparison with PZT is based on the value -4.7 C/m2 attributed to ref. 35, which is the transverse e31,f coefficient of a PZT thin film, not the largest piezoelectric coefficient of PZT. PZT's longitudinal coefficient e33 is typically 10-30 C/m2 (for example, about 15.8 C/m2 for PZT-5A and about 23 C/m2 for PZT-5H). The computed NbOI2 coefficient e22 = 6.32 C/m2 is also longitudinal (yy strain). Comparing a longitudinal coefficient with a transverse one is inappropriate, and the claim that NbOI2 exceeds PZT is therefore unsupported as stated. The authors should compare e22 with the appropriate PZT e33 values or rephrase the claim to avoid the misleading 'even PZT' statement.
  2. [Section III.D and Table VI] The reported e22 for NbOI2 varies strongly with functional: 3.8 C/m2 (PBE), 5.3 C/m2 (PBE-D3), and 6.32 C/m2 (PBE0). The paper presents only the PBE0 value as the headline without discussing this spread or providing error estimates. In the absence of any experimental bulk data for these compounds, the authors should justify why PBE0 is quantitatively reliable for these van der Waals layered materials, or at least report the full functional range and discuss its effect on the conclusions regarding NbOI2's superiority.
  3. [Section III.A] The optimized lattice parameters for NbOCl2 and NbOBr2 are nearly 1 Angstrom smaller along one axis than previously reported optimized structures (refs. 43 and 57). Since the elastic constants and piezoelectric coefficients are computed from these geometries, a structural discrepancy of this magnitude could substantially change the calculated properties. No experimental diffraction data or comparison with other functionals is provided to validate the chosen ground-state structure. The authors should demonstrate that the piezoelectric coefficients are robust to this structural difference, or use a validated structure and discuss the impact on the central claim.
  4. [Section III.A and III.D] The ferroelectric distortion is described as arising from Nb displacements along the a-axis, yet the largest piezoelectric coefficient is reported for the yy strain component (e22). Please clarify the relation between the polar axis and the Cartesian axes used in the tensor, and verify that e22 is indeed the appropriate longitudinal coefficient for the polar direction. If the polarization axis is along a, a large e11 might instead be expected; this point is important for interpreting the physical meaning of the headline value.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Table V] Several entries are printed as '0.00e-01', which should simply be 0.00; also the value 4.995 C/m2 for NbOCl2 in Table V is reported as 4.99 C/m2 in Table VI and in the text. Unify the notation for the reported coefficients.
  2. [Section III.C (elastic stability)] The text refers to the Born stability criteria as 'Eqs. ??', indicating a missing cross-reference. The equations in Eq. (2) should be properly referenced or numbered.
  3. [Eqs. (8) and (9), Table III] Equations (8) and (9) for sound velocities are dimensionally inconsistent: the density should be inside the square root rather than dividing the square root of the modulus. The resulting velocity values in Table III should be recalculated. In addition, the mean velocity Vm for NbOCl2 (1250 m/s) is smaller than the transverse velocity Vt (2517 m/s), which is unphysical; this indicates an arithmetic error.
  4. [Throughout the manuscript] There are several typos and formatting issues, including 'Vicker's Hardness' (should be 'Vickers'), 'Kleinman' spelled incorrectly in two places, and 'F unctionals' in the header of Table VI. The reference list also contains numerous entries (refs. 86-156) that do not appear to be cited in the text; these should be removed or properly cited.
  5. [Section III.B] The statement that PBE-GGA underestimates the band gap 'because it fails to account for the vdW interactions' is not accurate; PBE's gap underestimation is primarily due to self-interaction error. This sentence should be corrected to avoid a misleading mechanistic explanation.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circular derivation found: all piezoelectric coefficients are computed from first principles via the Berry-phase method, with no fitted parameter renamed as a prediction and no load-bearing self-citation.

full rationale

The paper's central quantities, the piezoelectric tensor components e22 for NbOCl2, NbOBr2, and NbOI2 (4.99, 4.64, and 6.32 C/m2, respectively), are obtained by calculating numerical derivatives of the Berry phase with respect to finite strains applied to the DFT-relaxed crystal structures, as described by Eqs. (16)-(18). Nothing is fitted to the targeted result, and no input is defined in terms of the output. The comparison to PZT uses an external literature value (ref. 35), and the comparison to Li-based perovskites (ref. 11) is a non-load-bearing self-citation in a single comparative sentence; it does not justify any derived quantity or forbid alternatives. The paper notes its own geometry deviations from previously optimized structures and its band gaps remaining below experimental values, but these are stated limitations, not circular steps. Potential concerns about the appropriateness of the PZT benchmark value or functional accuracy are correctness risks, not circularity. The derivation chain is self-contained: DFT relaxation feeds elastic constants and Berry-phase polarization derivatives, and the piezoelectric coefficients follow directly.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no new entities or fitted parameters. Its central prediction rests on domain assumptions about crystal structure and functional accuracy, both of which are partially challenged by the paper's own reported functional spread and structural differences.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The ground state of each NbOX2 compound is the polar monoclinic C2 structure described in Section III A, inherited from prior literature.
    All reported properties derive from this structural model; the paper's own optimization gives lattice parameters that differ by up to ~1 Å from earlier calculations (Section III A), so the structure choice is load-bearing.
  • domain assumption The PBE0 hybrid functional yields accurate piezoelectric stress coefficients for these layered compounds.
    No experimental bulk piezo data is available; the computed value varies by up to 2.5 C/m2 between PBE and PBE0 (Table VI), so the functional choice materially affects the central claim.
  • domain assumption Berry phase polarization computed with finite strain in CRYSTAL17 converges to the true clamped-ion or relaxed-ion piezo coefficient.
    The paper gives no convergence tests or strain step sizes for the numerical derivative in Eq. (18), so this standard method is assumed reliable.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of The study of electronic, structural, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties of bulk NbOX2 (X = Cl, Br, and I) using density functional theory." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/EJD45AGG

@misc{pith2026250615574,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: The study of electronic, structural, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties of bulk NbOX2 (X = Cl, Br, and I) using density functional theory},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/EJD45AGG}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.15574}
}
abstract

In this work, we have performed a comprehensive study of dielectric materials NbOX2 (X=Cl, Br, and I) within the framework of density functional theory, incorporating both conventional and hybrid functionals.Our studies focus on the structure, electronic, elastic, and piezoelectric properties. Piezoelectricity is an innovative avenue to extract energy by manipulating the material's structures via mechanical stress. The use of non-lead-based material for piezoelectricity added an advantage of a greener approach. Among the investigated materials, bulk NbOI2 exhibits the highest piezoelectric response of 6.32 C/m$^2$, which is around 31% higher than NbOCl2, NbOBr2 and even lead zirconate titanate.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.15574 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the bulk structure of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. Band structure of bulk NbOX [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FIG. 3. Left:(a, c, and e) are the partial density of states for NbOCl [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗

Review history (2 revisions) →

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

172 extracted references · 68 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    merlin.mbs aapmrev4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked

    FUNCTION id.bst "merlin.mbs aapmrev4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked" ENTRY address archive archivePrefix author bookaddress booktitle chapter collaboration doi edition editor eid eprint howpublished institution isbn issn journal key language month note number organization pages primaryClass publisher school SLACcitation series title translat...

    2010

  2. [2]

    merlin.mbs aipauth4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked

    FUNCTION id.bst "merlin.mbs aipauth4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked" ENTRY address archive archivePrefix author bookaddress booktitle chapter collaboration doi edition editor eid eprint howpublished institution isbn issn journal key language month note number organization pages primaryClass publisher school SLACcitation series title translat...

    2010

  3. [3]

    merlin.mbs aipnum4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked

    FUNCTION id.bst "merlin.mbs aipnum4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked" ENTRY address archive archivePrefix author bookaddress booktitle chapter collaboration doi edition editor eid eprint howpublished institution isbn issn journal key language month note number organization pages primaryClass publisher school SLACcitation series title translati...

    2010

  4. [4]

    author author J. T. \ Houghton ,\ @noop title Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis \ ( year 2001 ) NoStop

    2001

  5. [5]

    author author D. J. \ Soeder ,\ @noop journal journal Elsevier \ ( year 2021 ) NoStop

    2021

  6. [6]

    author author T. W. \ Brown , author T. Bischof-Niemz , author K. Blok , author C. Breyer , author H. Lund , \ and\ author B. V. \ Mathiesen ,\ @noop journal journal Renewable and sustainable energy reviews \ volume 92 ,\ pages 834 ( year 2018 ) NoStop

    2018

  7. [7]

    author author A. S. \ Al-Ezzi \ and\ author M. N. M. \ Ansari ,\ @noop journal journal Applied System Innovation \ volume 5 ,\ pages 67 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    2022

  8. [8]

    Y \"u ksel ,\ @noop journal journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews \ volume 14 ,\ pages 462 ( year 2010 ) NoStop

    author author I. Y \"u ksel ,\ @noop journal journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews \ volume 14 ,\ pages 462 ( year 2010 ) NoStop

    2010

Show all 172 references
  1. [9]

    Barbier ,\ @noop journal journal Renewable and sustainable energy reviews \ volume 6 ,\ pages 3 ( year 2002 ) NoStop

    author author E. Barbier ,\ @noop journal journal Renewable and sustainable energy reviews \ volume 6 ,\ pages 3 ( year 2002 ) NoStop

    2002

  2. [10]

    author author A. D. \ S ahin ,\ @noop journal journal Progress in energy and combustion science \ volume 30 ,\ pages 501 ( year 2004 ) NoStop

    2004

  3. [11]

    author author J. I. \ Kwak , author S.-H. \ Nam , author L. Kim , \ and\ author Y.-J. \ An ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Hazardous Materials \ volume 392 ,\ pages 122297 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    2020

  4. [12]

    Hao , author W

    author author J. Hao , author W. Li , author J. Zhai , \ and\ author H. Chen ,\ @noop journal journal Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports \ volume 135 ,\ pages 1 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    2019

  5. [13]

    Bowen , author H

    author author C. Bowen , author H. Kim , author P. Weaver , \ and\ author S. Dunn ,\ @noop journal journal Energy & Environmental Science \ volume 7 ,\ pages 25 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  6. [14]

    Lalengmawia , author Z

    author author C. Lalengmawia , author Z. Renthlei , author S. Gurung , author L. Zuala , author L. Pachuau , author N. S. \ Singh , author L. Vanchhawng , author K. Gopi , author A. Yvaz , \ and\ author D. Rai ,\ @noop journal journal arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.05383 \ ( year 2...

    2024 arXiv

  7. [15]

    Li , author C

    author author H. Li , author C. Tian , \ and\ author Z. D. \ Deng ,\ @noop journal journal Applied physics reviews \ volume 1 ,\ pages 4 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  8. [16]

    author author J. F. \ Tressler , author S. Alkoy , \ and\ author R. E. \ Newnham ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of electroceramics \ volume 2 ,\ pages 257 ( year 1998 ) NoStop

    1998

  9. [17]

    author author S. B. \ Lang \ and\ author S. Muensit ,\ @noop journal journal Applied Physics A \ volume 85 ,\ pages 125 ( year 2006 ) NoStop

    2006

  10. [18]

    Khan , author W

    author author S. Khan , author W. Dang , author L. Lorenzelli , \ and\ author R. Dahiya ,\ @noop journal journal IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing \ volume 28 ,\ pages 486 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  11. [19]

    author author Z. L. \ Wang , author R. Yang , author J. Zhou , author Y. Qin , author C. Xu , author Y. Hu , \ and\ author S. Xu ,\ @noop journal journal Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports \ volume 70 ,\ pages 320 ( year 2010 ) NoStop

    2010

  12. [20]

    author author D. L. \ Polla \ and\ author L. F. \ Francis ,\ @noop journal journal Annual review of materials science \ volume 28 ,\ pages 563 ( year 1998 ) NoStop

    1998

  13. [21]

    Hu \ and\ author Z

    author author Y. Hu \ and\ author Z. L. \ Wang ,\ @noop journal journal Nano Energy \ volume 14 ,\ pages 3 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  14. [22]

    Tamang , author S

    author author A. Tamang , author S. K. \ Ghosh , author S. Garain , author M. M. \ Alam , author J. Haeberle , author K. Henkel , author D. Schmeisser , \ and\ author D. Mandal ,\ @noop journal journal ACS applied materials & interfaces \ volume 7 ,\ pages 16143 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  15. [23]

    author author P. D. \ Mitcheson , author E. M. \ Yeatman , author G. K. \ Rao , author A. S. \ Holmes , \ and\ author T. C. \ Green ,\ @noop journal journal Proceedings of the IEEE \ volume 96 ,\ pages 1457 ( year 2008 ) NoStop

    2008

  16. [24]

    Xie , author S

    author author H. Xie , author S. Tang , author J. Zhu , author S. Vongehr , \ and\ author X. Meng ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Materials Chemistry A \ volume 3 ,\ pages 18505 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  17. [25]

    author author R. A. \ Surmenev , author T. Orlova , author R. V. \ Chernozem , author A. A. \ Ivanova , author A. Bartasyte , author S. Mathur , \ and\ author M. A. \ Surmeneva ,\ @noop journal journal Nano Energy \ volume 62 ,\ pages 475 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    2019

  18. [26]

    author author A. S. \ Motamedi , author H. Mirzadeh , author F. Hajiesmaeilbaigi , author S. Bagheri-Khoulenjani , \ and\ author M. A. \ Shokrgozar ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A \ volume 105 ,\ pages 1984 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    1984

  19. [27]

    author author C. N. \ Kumar ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Journal of Physics: Conference Series ,\ Vol.\ volume 662 \ ( publisher IOP Publishing ,\ year 2015 )\ pp.\ pages 012--031 NoStop

    2015

  20. [28]

    Boudia ,\ @noop journal journal History and Technology, an International Journal \ volume 13 ,\ pages 249 ( year 1997 ) NoStop

    author author S. Boudia ,\ @noop journal journal History and Technology, an International Journal \ volume 13 ,\ pages 249 ( year 1997 ) NoStop

    1997

  21. [29]

    author author B. K. \ Yun , author Y. K. \ Park , author M. Lee , author N. Lee , author W. Jo , author S. Lee , \ and\ author J. H. \ Jung ,\ @noop journal journal Nanoscale research letters \ volume 9 ,\ pages 1 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  22. [30]

    \ Hwang , author H

    author author G.-T. \ Hwang , author H. Park , author J.-H. \ Lee , author S. Oh , author K.-I. \ Park , author M. Byun , author G. Ahn , author C. K. \ Jeong , author K. No , author H. Kwon , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) \ volume ...

    2014

  23. [31]

    Hu ,\ @noop journal journal J Mater Sci: Mater Electron \ volume 27 ,\ pages 3773 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    author author L. Hu ,\ @noop journal journal J Mater Sci: Mater Electron \ volume 27 ,\ pages 3773 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  24. [32]

    Ponnamma , author J.-J

    author author D. Ponnamma , author J.-J. \ Cabibihan , author M. Rajan , author S. S. \ Pethaiah , author K. Deshmukh , author J. P. \ Gogoi , author S. K. \ Pasha , author M. B. \ Ahamed , author J. Krishnegowda , author B. Chandrashekar , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Mate...

    2019

  25. [33]

    \ Jung , author Y.-H

    author author W.-S. \ Jung , author Y.-H. \ Do , author M.-G. \ Kang , \ and\ author C.-Y. \ Kang ,\ @noop journal journal Current Applied Physics \ volume 13 ,\ pages S131 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

    2013

  26. [34]

    Jain , author P

    author author A. Jain , author P. KJ , author A. K. \ Sharma , author A. Jain , \ and\ author R. PN ,\ @noop journal journal Polymer Engineering & Science \ volume 55 ,\ pages 1589 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  27. [35]

    Qi , author J

    author author Y. Qi , author J. Kim , author T. D. \ Nguyen , author B. Lisko , author P. K. \ Purohit , \ and\ author M. C. \ McAlpine ,\ @noop journal journal Nano letters \ volume 11 ,\ pages 1331 ( year 2011 ) NoStop

    2011

  28. [36]

    \ Bae \ and\ author S.-H

    author author J.-H. \ Bae \ and\ author S.-H. \ Chang ,\ @noop journal journal Composite Structures \ volume 131 ,\ pages 1090 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  29. [37]

    author author R. L. \ Hadimani , author D. V. \ Bayramol , author N. Sion , author T. Shah , author L. Qian , author S. Shi , \ and\ author E. Siores ,\ @noop journal journal Smart Materials and structures \ volume 22 ,\ pages 075017 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

    2013

  30. [38]

    Cattan , author T

    author author E. Cattan , author T. Haccart , author G. Velu , author D. Remiens , author C. Bergaud , \ and\ author L. Nicu ,\ @noop journal journal Sensors and Actuators A: physical \ volume 74 ,\ pages 60 ( year 1999 ) NoStop

    1999

  31. [39]

    author author M. D. \ Damjanovic , D.Maeder ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Electroceramics \ volume 13 ,\ pages 385 ( year 2004 ) NoStop

    2004

  32. [40]

    Park , author C

    author author H. Park , author C. Ha , \ and\ author J.-H. \ Lee ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Materials Chemistry A \ volume 8 ,\ pages 24353 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    2020

  33. [41]

    Wu \ and\ author X

    author author M. Wu \ and\ author X. C. \ Zeng ,\ @noop journal journal Nano letters \ volume 16 ,\ pages 3236 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  34. [42]

    Wang \ and\ author X

    author author H. Wang \ and\ author X. Qian ,\ @noop journal journal 2D Materials \ volume 4 ,\ pages 015042 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    2017

  35. [43]

    Fei , author W

    author author R. Fei , author W. Kang , \ and\ author L. Yang ,\ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 117 ,\ pages 097601 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  36. [44]

    Mehboudi , author B

    author author M. Mehboudi , author B. M. \ Fregoso , author Y. Yang , author W. Zhu , author A. Van Der Zande , author J. Ferrer , author L. Bellaiche , author P. Kumar , \ and\ author S. Barraza-Lopez ,\ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 117 ,\ pages 2468...

    2016

  37. [45]

    author author H. D. \ Megaw ,\ @noop journal journal Acta Crystallographica \ volume 5 ,\ pages 739 ( year 1952 ) NoStop

    1952

  38. [46]

    Jia , author M

    author author Y. Jia , author M. Zhao , author G. Gou , author X. C. \ Zeng , \ and\ author J. Li ,\ @noop journal journal Nanoscale Horizons \ volume 4 ,\ pages 1113 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    2019

  39. [47]

    Wu , author I

    author author Y. Wu , author I. Abdelwahab , author K. C. \ Kwon , author I. Verzhbitskiy , author L. Wang , author W. H. \ Liew , author K. Yao , author G. Eda , author K. P. \ Loh , author L. Shen , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Nature Communications \ volume 13 ,\ pages 1...

    2022

  40. [48]

    Abdelwahab , author B

    author author I. Abdelwahab , author B. Tilmann , author Y. Wu , author D. Giovanni , author I. Verzhbitskiy , author M. Zhu , author R. Bert \'e , author F. Xuan , author L. d. S. \ Menezes , author G. Eda , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 16 ,\ page...

    2022

  41. [49]

    Rijnsdorp \ and\ author F

    author author J. Rijnsdorp \ and\ author F. Jellinek ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of the Less Common Metals \ volume 61 ,\ pages 79 ( year 1978 a ) NoStop

    1978

  42. [50]

    Hillebrecht , author P

    author author H. Hillebrecht , author P. Schmidt , author H. Rotter , author G. Thiele , author P. Z \"o nnchen , author H. Bengel , author H.-J. \ Cantow , author S. Magonov , \ and\ author M.-H. \ Whangbo ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of alloys and compounds \ volume 246 ...

    1997

  43. [51]

    Beck \ and\ author C

    author author J. Beck \ and\ author C. Kusterer ,\ @noop journal journal Zeitschrift f \"u r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie \ volume 632 ,\ pages 2193 ( year 2006 ) NoStop

    2006

  44. [52]

    Tan , author M

    author author H. Tan , author M. Li , author H. Liu , author Z. Liu , author Y. Li , \ and\ author W. Duan ,\ @noop journal journal Physical review B \ volume 99 ,\ pages 195434 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    2019

  45. [53]

    Zhang , author L.-F

    author author Y. Zhang , author L.-F. \ Lin , author A. Moreo , \ and\ author E. Dagotto ,\ @noop journal journal Physical Review B \ volume 104 ,\ pages L060102 ( year 2021 a ) NoStop

    2021

  46. [54]

    Rijnsdorp \ and\ author F

    author author J. Rijnsdorp \ and\ author F. Jellinek ,\ https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(78)90148-0 journal journal Journal of the Less Common Metals \ volume 61 ,\ pages 79 ( year 1978 b ) NoStop

    1978 doi

  47. [55]

    Fu , author K

    author author T. Fu , author K. Bu , author X. Sun , author D. Wang , author X. Feng , author S. Guo , author Z. Sun , author Y. Fang , author Q. Hu , author Y. Ding , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of the American Chemical Society \ volume 145 ,\ pages 16828 ( year 2...

    2023

  48. [56]

    Li , author S

    author author Z. Li , author S. Wang , author C. Wang , author X. Zhang , author Z. Yu , author S. Du , author Z. Zeng , author Y. Dai , author Y. Zhang , author X. Liu , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Small \ volume 21 ,\ pages 2407729 ( year 2025 ) NoStop

    2025

  49. [57]

    Ye , author W

    author author L. Ye , author W. Zhou , author D. Huang , author X. Jiang , author Q. Guo , author X. Cao , author S. Yan , author X. Wang , author D. Jia , author D. Jiang , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Nature Communications \ volume 14 ,\ pages 5911 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    2023

  50. [58]

    Whangbo ,\ @noop journal journal Inorganic Chemistry \ volume 21 ,\ pages 1721 ( year 1982 ) NoStop

    author author M. Whangbo ,\ @noop journal journal Inorganic Chemistry \ volume 21 ,\ pages 1721 ( year 1982 ) NoStop

    1982

  51. [59]

    Mortazavi , author M

    author author B. Mortazavi , author M. Shahrokhi , author B. Javvaji , author A. V. \ Shapeev , \ and\ author X. Zhuang ,\ @noop journal journal Nanotechnology \ volume 33 ,\ pages 275701 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    2022

  52. [60]

    Fang , author F

    author author Y. Fang , author F. Wang , author R. Wang , author T. Zhai , \ and\ author F. Huang ,\ @noop journal journal Advanced Materials \ volume 33 ,\ pages 2101505 ( year 2021 ) NoStop

    2021

  53. [61]

    Ai , author X

    author author H. Ai , author X. Song , author S. Qi , author W. Li , \ and\ author M. Zhao ,\ @noop journal journal Nanoscale \ volume 11 ,\ pages 1103 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    2019

  54. [62]

    Rangel , author B

    author author T. Rangel , author B. M. \ Fregoso , author B. S. \ Mendoza , author T. Morimoto , author J. E. \ Moore , \ and\ author J. B. \ Neaton ,\ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 119 ,\ pages 067402 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    2017

  55. [63]

    author author S. M. \ Young \ and\ author A. M. \ Rappe ,\ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 109 ,\ pages 116601 ( year 2012 ) NoStop

    2012

  56. [64]

    \ Shen , author W.-Y

    author author X.-W. \ Shen , author W.-Y. \ Tong , author S.-J. \ Gong , \ and\ author C.-G. \ Duan ,\ @noop journal journal 2D Materials \ volume 5 ,\ pages 011001 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    2017

  57. [65]

    Guo , author X.-Z

    author author Q. Guo , author X.-Z. \ Qi , author L. Zhang , author M. Gao , author S. Hu , author W. Zhou , author W. Zang , author X. Zhao , author J. Wang , author B. Yan , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Nature \ volume 613 ,\ pages 53 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    2023

  58. [66]

    Helmer , author M

    author author P. Helmer , author M. Dahlqvist , \ and\ author J. Rosen ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Materials Chemistry C \ ( year 2025 ) NoStop

    2025

  59. [67]

    author author J. S. \ Weaver ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids \ volume 37 ,\ pages 711 ( year 1976 ) NoStop

    1976

  60. [68]

    Steddon ,\ @noop journal journal The Mathematical Gazette \ volume 38 ,\ pages 305 ( year 1954 ) NoStop

    author author I. Steddon ,\ @noop journal journal The Mathematical Gazette \ volume 38 ,\ pages 305 ( year 1954 ) NoStop

    1954

  61. [69]

    \ Wu , author E.-j

    author author Z.-j. \ Wu , author E.-j. \ Zhao , author H.-p. \ Xiang , author X.-f. \ Hao , author X.-j. \ Liu , \ and\ author J. Meng ,\ @noop journal journal Physical Review B—Condensed Matter and Materials Physics \ volume 76 ,\ pages 054115 ( year 2007 ) NoStop

    2007

  62. [70]

    Born ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ,\ Vol

    author author M. Born ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ,\ Vol. volume 36 \ ( organization Cambridge University Press ,\ year 1940 )\ pp.\ pages 160--172 NoStop

    1940

  63. [71]

    Kleinman ,\ @noop journal journal Physical Review \ volume 128 ,\ pages 2614 ( year 1962 ) NoStop

    author author L. Kleinman ,\ @noop journal journal Physical Review \ volume 128 ,\ pages 2614 ( year 1962 ) NoStop

    1962

  64. [72]

    Zhao , author J

    author author P. Zhao , author J. Su , author Z. Lin , author J. Wang , author J. Zhang , author Y. Hao , author X. Ouyang , \ and\ author J. Chang ,\ @noop journal journal Materials Today Energy \ volume 17 ,\ pages 100481 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    2020

  65. [73]

    Shah , author M

    author author M. Shah , author M. Nuruzzaman , author A. Hossain , author M. Jubair , \ and\ author M. Zilani ,\ @noop journal journal Computational Condensed Matter \ volume 34 ,\ pages e00774 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    2023

  66. [74]

    Dovale-Farelo , author P

    author author V. Dovale-Farelo , author P. Tavadze , author L. Lang , author A. Bautista-Hernandez , \ and\ author A. H. \ Romero ,\ @noop journal journal Scientific Reports \ volume 12 ,\ pages 22475 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    2022

  67. [75]

    Hartouni \ and\ author J

    author author E. Hartouni \ and\ author J. Mecholsky ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Infrared and Optical Transmitting Materials ,\ Vol.\ volume 683 \ ( organization SPIE ,\ year 1986 )\ pp.\ pages 92--97 NoStop

    1986

  68. [76]

    Ahmed , author M

    author author R. Ahmed , author M. Mahamudujjaman , author M. A. \ Afzal , author M. S. \ Islam , author R. Islam , \ and\ author S. Naqib ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Materials Research and Technology \ volume 24 ,\ pages 4808 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    2023

  69. [77]

    Chen \ and\ author B

    author author Q. Chen \ and\ author B. Sundman ,\ @noop journal journal Acta materialia \ volume 49 ,\ pages 947 ( year 2001 ) NoStop

    2001

  70. [78]

    author author M. Z. \ Rahman , author S. S. \ Hasan , author M. Z. \ Hasan , author M. Rasheduzzaman , author M. A. \ Rahman , author M. M. \ Ali , author A. Hossain , author R. M. \ Khokan , author M. M. \ Hossain , author N. M. \ Mukhtar , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Jou...

    2024

  71. [79]

    author author W. G. \ Cady ,\ @noop journal journal The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America \ volume 21 ,\ pages 65 ( year 1949 ) NoStop

    1949

  72. [80]

    author author R. M. \ Martin ,\ @noop journal journal Physical Review B \ volume 5 ,\ pages 1607 ( year 1972 ) NoStop

    1972

  73. [81]

    Jaffe ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of the American Ceramic Society \ volume 41 ,\ pages 494 ( year 1958 ) NoStop

    author author H. Jaffe ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of the American Ceramic Society \ volume 41 ,\ pages 494 ( year 1958 ) NoStop

    1958

  74. [82]

    Ma , author B.-P

    author author N. Ma , author B.-P. \ Zhang , author W.-G. \ Yang , \ and\ author D. Guo ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of the European Ceramic Society \ volume 32 ,\ pages 1059 ( year 2012 ) NoStop

    2012

  75. [83]

    Uchino ,\ @noop title Piezoelectric actuators and ultrasonic motors ,\ Vol

    author author K. Uchino ,\ @noop title Piezoelectric actuators and ultrasonic motors ,\ Vol. volume 1 \ ( publisher Springer Science & Business Media ,\ year 1996 ) NoStop

    1996

  76. [84]

    Liu , author L

    author author S. Liu , author L. Wang , author Z. Wang , author Y. Cai , author X. Feng , author Y. Qin , \ and\ author Z. L. \ Wang ,\ @noop journal journal ACS nano \ volume 12 ,\ pages 1732 ( year 2018 ) NoStop

    2018

  77. [85]

    Young , author P

    author author J. Young , author P. Lalkiya , \ and\ author J. M. \ Rondinelli ,\ 10.1039/C5TC04239A journal journal J. Mater. Chem. C \ volume 4 ,\ pages 4016 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016 doi

  78. [86]

    Aksel \ and\ author J

    author author E. Aksel \ and\ author J. L. \ Jones ,\ @noop journal journal Sensors \ volume 10 ,\ pages 1935 ( year 2010 ) NoStop

    1935

  79. [87]

    Vanderbilt ,\ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00273-5 journal journal Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids \ volume 61 ,\ pages 147 ( year 2000 ) NoStop

    author author D. Vanderbilt ,\ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00273-5 journal journal Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids \ volume 61 ,\ pages 147 ( year 2000 ) NoStop

    2000 doi

  80. [88]

    Posternak , author R

    author author M. Posternak , author R. Resta , \ and\ author A. Baldereschi ,\ @noop journal journal Physical Review B \ volume 50 ,\ pages 8911 ( year 1994 ) NoStop

    1994

  81. [89]

    author author C. D. \ Abernethy , author G. M. \ Codd , author M. D. \ Spicer , \ and\ author M. K. \ Taylor ,\ 10.1021/ja0276321 journal journal J . A m. C hem. S oc. \ volume 125 ,\ pages 1128 ( year 2003 ) NoStop

    2003 doi

  82. [90]

    http://pubs.acs.org/books/references.shtml NoStop

  83. [91]

    author author A. J. \ Arduengo , III , author H. V. R. \ Dias , author R. L. \ Harlow , \ and\ author M. Kline ,\ 10.1021/ja00040a007 journal journal J . A m.\ C hem.\ S oc. \ volume 114 ,\ pages 5530 ( year 1992 ) NoStop

    1992 doi

  84. [92]

    author author A. J. \ Arduengo , III , author S. F. \ Gamper , author J. C. \ Calabrese , \ and\ author F. Davidson ,\ 10.1021/ja00089a029 journal journal J . A m.\ C hem. S oc. \ volume 116 ,\ pages 4391 ( year 1994 ) NoStop

    1994 doi

  85. [93]

    author author L. N. \ Appelhans , author D. Zuccaccia , author A. Kovacevic , author A. R. \ Chianese , author J. R. \ Miecznikowski , author A. Macchioni , author E. Clot , author O. Eisenstein , \ and\ author R. H. \ Crabtree ,\ 10.1021/ja055317j journal journal J . A m.\ C ...

    doi

  86. [94]

    editor A. M. \ Coghill \ and\ editor L. R. \ Garson ,\ eds.,\ @noop title T he ACS S tyle G uide ,\ edition 3rd \ ed.\ ( publisher O xford U niversity P ress, I nc. and T he A merican C hemical S ociety ,\ address N ew Y ork ,\ year 2006 ) NoStop

    2006

  87. [95]

    author author F. A. \ Cotton , author G. Wilkinson , author C. A. \ Murillio , \ and\ author M. Bochmann ,\ @noop title A dvanced I norganic C hemistry ,\ edition 6th \ ed.\ ( publisher Wiley ,\ address Chichester ,\ year 1999 ) NoStop

    1999

  88. [96]

    Abarca , author P

    author author A. Abarca , author P. G\'omez-Sal , author A. Mart\'in , author M. Mena , author J. M. \ Poblet , \ and\ author C. Y\'elamos ,\ 10.1021/ic9907718 journal journal Inorg. Chem. \ volume 39 ,\ pages 642 ( year 2000 ) NoStop

    doi

  89. [97]

    author author J. M. \ Soler , author E. Artacho , author J. D. \ Gale , author A. García , author J. Junquera , author P. Ordejón , \ and\ author D. Sánchez-Portal ,\ 10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302 journal journal Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter \ volume 14 ,\ pages 2745 ( y...

    doi

  90. [98]

    Wang , author G

    author author S. Wang , author G. Liu , \ and\ author L. Wang ,\ @noop journal journal Chemical reviews \ volume 119 ,\ pages 5192 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    2019

  91. [99]

    author author K. S. \ Novoselov , author A. K. \ Geim , author S. V. \ Morozov , author D.-e. \ Jiang , author Y. Zhang , author S. V. \ Dubonos , author I. V. \ Grigorieva , \ and\ author A. A. \ Firsov ,\ @noop journal journal science \ volume 306 ,\ pages 666 ( year 2004 ) NoStop

    2004

  92. [100]

    Akinwande , author N

    author author D. Akinwande , author N. Petrone , \ and\ author J. Hone ,\ @noop journal journal Nature communications \ volume 5 ,\ pages 5678 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  93. [101]

    Wang \ and\ author K

    author author Q. Wang \ and\ author K. Kalantar-Zadeh ,\ @noop journal journal Nat. Nanotechnol \ volume 7 ,\ pages 699 ( year 2012 ) NoStop

    2012

  94. [102]

    Li , author Y.-L

    author author Y. Li , author Y.-L. \ Li , author B. Sa , \ and\ author R. Ahuja ,\ @noop journal journal Catalysis Science & Technology \ volume 7 ,\ pages 545 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    2017

  95. [103]

    Schneider , author M

    author author J. Schneider , author M. Matsuoka , author M. Takeuchi , author J. Zhang , \ and\ author Y. Horiuchi ,\ @noop journal journal Chem. Rev \ volume 114 ,\ pages 9919 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  96. [104]

    author author H. L. \ Zhuang \ and\ author R. G. \ Hennig ,\ @noop journal journal Chemistry of Materials \ volume 25 ,\ pages 3232 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

    2013

  97. [105]

    Ling , author H

    author author X. Ling , author H. Wang , author S. Huang , author F. Xia , \ and\ author M. S. \ Dresselhaus ,\ @noop journal journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \ volume 112 ,\ pages 4523 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  98. [106]

    Yu , author S

    author author X. Yu , author S. Zhang , author H. Zeng , \ and\ author Q. J. \ Wang ,\ @noop journal journal Nano Energy \ volume 25 ,\ pages 34 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  99. [107]

    Guo , author J

    author author Z. Guo , author J. Zhou , author L. Zhu , \ and\ author Z. Sun ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Materials Chemistry A \ volume 4 ,\ pages 11446 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  100. [108]

    Zhang , author B

    author author Y. Zhang , author B. Sa , author N. Miao , author J. Zhou , \ and\ author Z. Sun ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Materials Chemistry A \ volume 9 ,\ pages 10882 ( year 2021 b ) NoStop

    2021

  101. [109]

    Peng , author Z

    author author Q. Peng , author Z. Wang , author B. Sa , author B. Wu , \ and\ author Z. Sun ,\ @noop journal journal Scientific reports \ volume 6 ,\ pages 31994 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  102. [110]

    \ Chiang \ and\ author H.-N

    author author M.-Y. \ Chiang \ and\ author H.-N. \ Lin ,\ @noop journal journal Materials Letters \ volume 160 ,\ pages 440 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  103. [111]

    Grinberg , author D

    author author I. Grinberg , author D. V. \ West , author M. Torres , author G. Gou , author D. M. \ Stein , author L. Wu , author G. Chen , author E. M. \ Gallo , author A. R. \ Akbashev , author P. K. \ Davies , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Nature \ volume 503 ,\ pages 509...

    2013

  104. [112]

    Weng , author Z

    author author B. Weng , author Z. Xiao , author W. Meng , author C. R. \ Grice , author T. Poudel , author X. Deng , \ and\ author Y. Yan ,\ @noop journal journal Advanced Energy Materials \ volume 7 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  105. [113]

    \ Yin , author B

    author author W.-J. \ Yin , author B. Weng , author J. Ge , author Q. Sun , author Z. Li , \ and\ author Y. Yan ,\ @noop journal journal Energy & Environmental Science \ volume 12 ,\ pages 442 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    2019

  106. [114]

    Yuan , author Z

    author author Y. Yuan , author Z. Xiao , author B. Yang , \ and\ author J. Huang ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Materials chemistry A \ volume 2 ,\ pages 6027 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  107. [115]

    Li , author P

    author author L. Li , author P. A. \ Salvador , \ and\ author G. S. \ Rohrer ,\ @noop journal journal Nanoscale \ volume 6 ,\ pages 24 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  108. [116]

    Li , author J

    author author Y. Li , author J. Li , author W. Yang , \ and\ author X. Wang ,\ @noop journal journal Nanoscale Horizons \ volume 5 ,\ pages 1174 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    2020

  109. [117]

    Chang , author J

    author author K. Chang , author J. Liu , author H. Lin , author N. Wang , author K. Zhao , author A. Zhang , author F. Jin , author Y. Zhong , author X. Hu , author W. Duan , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Science \ volume 353 ,\ pages 274 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  110. [118]

    Chang , author T

    author author K. Chang , author T. P. \ Kaloni , author H. Lin , author A. Bedoya-Pinto , author A. K. \ Pandeya , author I. Kostanovskiy , author K. Zhao , author Y. Zhong , author X. Hu , author Q.-K. \ Xue , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Advanced Materials \ volume 31 ,\ ...

    2019

  111. [119]

    Wang \ and\ author W

    author author J. Wang \ and\ author W. Azam ,\ @noop journal journal Geoscience Frontiers \ volume 15 ,\ pages 101757 ( year 2024 ) NoStop

    2024

  112. [120]

    author author C. D. \ Keeling ,\ @noop journal journal Tellus \ volume 25 ,\ pages 174 ( year 1973 ) NoStop

    1973

  113. [121]

    Suzuki ,\ @noop \ ( year 1975 ) NoStop

    author author A. Suzuki ,\ @noop \ ( year 1975 ) NoStop

    1975

  114. [122]

    author author M. E. \ Weeks ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Chemical Education \ volume 9 ,\ pages 215 ( year 1932 ) NoStop

    1932

  115. [123]

    Ameta , author M

    author author R. Ameta , author M. S. \ Solanki , author S. Benjamin , \ and\ author S. C. \ Ameta ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Advanced oxidation processes for waste water treatment \ ( publisher Elsevier ,\ year 2018 )\ pp.\ pages 135--175 NoStop

    2018

  116. [124]

    Adams ,\ @noop title Green development: Environment and sustainability in a developing world \ ( publisher Routledge ,\ year 2008 ) NoStop

    author author B. Adams ,\ @noop title Green development: Environment and sustainability in a developing world \ ( publisher Routledge ,\ year 2008 ) NoStop

    2008

  117. [125]

    Peschka ,\ @noop title Liquid hydrogen: fuel of the future \ ( publisher Springer Science & Business Media ,\ year 2012 ) NoStop

    author author W. Peschka ,\ @noop title Liquid hydrogen: fuel of the future \ ( publisher Springer Science & Business Media ,\ year 2012 ) NoStop

    2012

  118. [126]

    Fujishima \ and\ author K

    author author A. Fujishima \ and\ author K. Honda ,\ @noop journal journal nature \ volume 238 ,\ pages 37 ( year 1972 ) NoStop

    1972

  119. [127]

    Liang ,\ @noop journal journal Physics Education \ volume 5 ,\ pages 226 ( year 1970 ) NoStop

    author author W. Liang ,\ @noop journal journal Physics Education \ volume 5 ,\ pages 226 ( year 1970 ) NoStop

    1970

  120. [128]

    author author A. A. \ Pil’nik , author A. A. \ Chernov , \ and\ author D. R. \ Islamov ,\ @noop journal journal Scientific Reports \ volume 10 ,\ pages 15759 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    2020

  121. [129]

    author author S. v. \ Smaalen ,\ @noop journal journal Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography \ volume 61 ,\ pages 51 ( year 2005 ) NoStop

    2005

  122. [130]

    Wang , author G

    author author H. Wang , author G. Gou , \ and\ author J. Li ,\ @noop journal journal Nano Energy \ volume 22 ,\ pages 507 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    2016

  123. [131]

    author author R. W. \ Boyd , author A. L. \ Gaeta , \ and\ author E. Giese ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics \ ( publisher Springer ,\ year 2008 )\ pp.\ pages 1097--1110 NoStop

    2008

  124. [132]

    Helk , author E

    author author T. Helk , author E. Berger , author S. Jamnuch , author L. Hoffmann , author A. Kabacinski , author J. Gautier , author F. Tissandier , author J.-P. \ Goddet , author H.-T. \ Chang , author J. Oh , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Science advances \ volume 7 ,\ pa...

    2021

  125. [133]

    Shwartz , author M

    author author S. Shwartz , author M. Fuchs , author J. Hastings , author Y. Inubushi , author T. Ishikawa , author T. Katayama , author D. Reis , author T. Sato , author K. Tono , author M. Yabashi , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 112 ,\ pages...

    2014

  126. [134]

    Trebino , author K

    author author R. Trebino , author K. W. \ DeLong , author D. N. \ Fittinghoff , author J. N. \ Sweetser , author M. A. \ Krumb \"u gel , author B. A. \ Richman , \ and\ author D. J. \ Kane ,\ @noop journal journal Review of Scientific Instruments \ volume 68 ,\ pages 3277 ( ye...

    1997

  127. [135]

    author author A. E. \ Willner , author S. Khaleghi , author M. R. \ Chitgarha , \ and\ author O. F. \ Yilmaz ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Lightwave Technology \ volume 32 ,\ pages 660 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

    2013

  128. [136]

    Cui , author F

    author author C. Cui , author F. Xue , author W.-J. \ Hu , \ and\ author L.-J. \ Li ,\ @noop journal journal npj 2D Materials and Applications \ volume 2 ,\ pages 18 ( year 2018 a ) NoStop

    2018

  129. [137]

    Yin , author Z

    author author X. Yin , author Z. Ye , author D. A. \ Chenet , author Y. Ye , author K. O’Brien , author J. C. \ Hone , \ and\ author X. Zhang ,\ @noop journal journal Science \ volume 344 ,\ pages 488 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  130. [138]

    Shen ,\ @noop journal journal Nature \ volume 337 ,\ pages 519 ( year 1989 ) NoStop

    author author Y. Shen ,\ @noop journal journal Nature \ volume 337 ,\ pages 519 ( year 1989 ) NoStop

    1989

  131. [139]

    Hsieh , author J

    author author D. Hsieh , author J. McIver , author D. H. \ Torchinsky , author D. R. \ Gardner , author Y. S. \ Lee , \ and\ author N. Gedik ,\ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 106 ,\ pages 057401 ( year 2011 ) NoStop

    2011

  132. [140]

    \ Lin , author S

    author author K.-Q. \ Lin , author S. Bange , \ and\ author J. M. \ Lupton ,\ @noop journal journal Nature Physics \ volume 15 ,\ pages 242 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    2019

  133. [141]

    Luo , author J

    author author X. Luo , author J. Wang , author M. Dooner , \ and\ author J. Clarke ,\ @noop journal journal Applied energy \ volume 137 ,\ pages 511 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    2015

  134. [142]

    Gomez-Calvet , author A

    author author R. Gomez-Calvet , author A. R. \ Gomez-Calvet , \ and\ author J. M. \ Martinez-Duart ,\ booktitle booktitle Renewable-Energy-Driven Future ,\ @noop journal journal Academic Press \ ,\ pages 233 ( year 2021 ) NoStop

    2021

  135. [143]

    Nakagawa , author S

    author author N. Nakagawa , author S. Kosai , \ and\ author E. Yamasue ,\ @noop journal journal Journal of Cleaner Production \ volume 363 ,\ pages 132530 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    2022

  136. [144]

    Ibrahim , author M

    author author H. Ibrahim , author M. Ghandour , author M. Dimitrova , author A. Ilinca , \ and\ author J. Perron ,\ @noop journal journal Energy Procedia \ volume 6 ,\ pages 815 ( year 2011 ) NoStop

    2011

  137. [145]

    author author A. S. \ Azad , author M. S. A. \ Rahaman , author J. Watada , author P. Vasant , \ and\ author J. A. G. \ Vintaned ,\ @noop journal journal Energy Reports \ volume 6 ,\ pages 2230 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    2020

  138. [146]

    Maeder , author D

    author author M. Maeder , author D. Damjanovic , \ and\ author N. Setter ,\ 10.1007/s10832-004-5130-y journal journal J. Electroceram \ volume 13 ( year 2004 ),\ 10.1007/s10832-004-5130-y NoStop

    2004 doi

  139. [147]

    author author S. L. \ Campbell \ and\ author C. W. \ Gear ,\ @noop journal journal Numer. M ath. \ volume 72 ,\ pages 173 ( year 1995 ) NoStop

    1995

  140. [148]

    author author M. K. \ Slifka \ and\ author J. L. \ Whitton ,\ 10.1007/s001090000086 journal journal J. M ol. M ed. \ volume 78 ,\ pages 74 ( year 2000 ) NoStop

    doi

  141. [149]

    Hamburger ,\ @noop journal journal Ann

    author author C. Hamburger ,\ @noop journal journal Ann. Mat. Pura. Appl. \ volume 169 ,\ pages 321 ( year 1995 ) NoStop

    1995

  142. [150]

    author author K. O. \ Geddes , author S. R. \ Czapor , \ and\ author G. Labahn ,\ @noop title Algorithms for C omputer A lgebra \ ( publisher Kluwer ,\ address Boston ,\ year 1992 ) NoStop

    1992

  143. [151]

    Broy ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Software Pioneers ,\ editor edited by\ editor M

    author author M. Broy ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Software Pioneers ,\ editor edited by\ editor M. Broy \ and\ editor E. Denert \ ( publisher Springer ,\ address New Y ork ,\ year 1992 )\ pp.\ pages 10--13 NoStop

    1992

  144. [152]

    editor R. S. \ Seymour ,\ ed.,\ @noop title Conductive P olymers \ ( publisher Plenum ,\ address New Y ork ,\ year 1981 ) NoStop

    1981

  145. [153]

    author author S. E. \ Smith ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Neuromuscular junction. H andbook of experimental pharmacology ,\ Vol. volume 42 ,\ editor edited by\ editor E. Zaimis \ ( publisher Springer ,\ address Heidelberg ,\ year 1976 )\ pp.\ pages 593--660 NoStop

    1976

  146. [154]

    author author S. T. \ Chung \ and\ author R. L. \ Morris ,\ @noop title Isolation and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from streptomyces fradiae , \ ( year 1978 ),\ note paper presented at the 3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorga...

    1978

  147. [155]

    Hao , author A

    author author Z. Hao , author A. AghaKouchak , author N. Nakhjiri , \ and\ author A. Farahmand ,\ @noop title Global integrated drought monitoring and prediction system (gidmaps) data sets , \ ( year 2014 ),\ note figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.853801 NoStop

    2014 doi

  148. [156]

    author author S. A. \ Babichev , author J. Ries , \ and\ author A. I. \ Lvovsky ,\ @noop title Quantum scissors: teleportation of single-mode optical states by means of a nonlocal single photon , \ ( year 2002 ),\ note preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0208066v1 NoStop

    2002 arXiv

  149. [157]

    Beneke , author G

    author author M. Beneke , author G. Buchalla , \ and\ author I. Dunietz ,\ @noop journal journal Phys. L ett. \ volume B393 ,\ pages 132 ( year 1997 ) ,\ http://arxiv.org/abs/0707.3168 arXiv:0707.3168 [gr-gc] NoStop

    1997 arXiv

  150. [158]

    author author B. Stahl ,\ @noop title deep SIP : deep learning of S upernova I a P arameters , \ howpublished Astrophysics S ource C ode L ibrary ( year 2020 ),\ http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.023 ascl:2006.023 NoStop

    2020

  151. [159]

    author author T. M. C. \ Abbott et al. ( collaboration DES ),\ 10.1103/PhysRevD.99.123505 journal journal Phys. Rev. D \ volume 99 ,\ pages 123505 ( year 2019 ) ,\ http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.02499 arXiv:1810.02499 [astro-ph.CO] NoStop

    2019 arXiv

  152. [160]

    Dawber , author K

    author author M. Dawber , author K. Rabe , \ and\ author J. Scott ,\ @noop journal journal Reviews of modern physics \ volume 77 ,\ pages 1083 ( year 2005 ) NoStop

    2005

  153. [161]

    Zhou , author D

    author author Y. Zhou , author D. Wu , author Y. Zhu , author Y. Cho , author Q. He , author X. Yang , author K. Herrera , author Z. Chu , author Y. Han , author M. C. \ Downer , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Nano letters \ volume 17 ,\ pages 5508 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    2017

  154. [162]

    Cui , author W.-J

    author author C. Cui , author W.-J. \ Hu , author X. Yan , author C. Addiego , author W. Gao , author Y. Wang , author Z. Wang , author L. Li , author Y. Cheng , author P. Li , et al. ,\ @noop journal journal Nano letters \ volume 18 ,\ pages 1253 ( year 2018 b ) NoStop

    2018

  155. [163]

    Sch \"a fer \ and\ author H

    author author H. Sch \"a fer \ and\ author H. v. \ Schnering ,\ @noop journal journal Angewandte Chemie \ volume 76 ,\ pages 833 ( year 1964 ) NoStop

    1964

  156. [164]

    Cui , author F

    author author C. Cui , author F. Xue , author W. J. \ Hu , \ and\ author L. J. \ Li ,\ @noop journal journal npj 2D Materials and Applications \ ( year 2018 c ) NoStop

    2018

  157. [165]

    Pugachev , author V

    author author A. Pugachev , author V. Kovalevskii , author N. Surovtsev , author S. Kojima , author S. Prosandeev , author I. Raevski , \ and\ author S. Raevskaya ,\ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 108 ,\ pages 247601 ( year 2012 ) NoStop

    2012

  158. [166]

    Bernardini , author V

    author author F. Bernardini , author V. Fiorentini , \ and\ author D. Vanderbilt ,\ @noop journal journal Physical Review B \ volume 56 ,\ pages R10024 ( year 1997 ) NoStop

    1997

  159. [167]

    Zhang , author K

    author author L. Zhang , author K. Yao , author E. Keikha , author Y. F. \ Chen , author M. A. \ Rahman , author A. Al Mamun , \ and\ author C. S. \ Bhatia ,\ @noop journal journal IEEE Transactions on Magnetics \ volume 51 ,\ pages 1 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    2014

  160. [168]

    Adamo \ and\ author V

    author author C. Adamo \ and\ author V. Barone ,\ @noop journal journal The Journal of chemical physics \ volume 110 ,\ pages 6158 ( year 1999 ) NoStop

    1999

  161. [169]

    author author J. P. \ Perdew , author M. Ernzerhof , \ and\ author K. Burke ,\ @noop journal journal The Journal of chemical physics \ volume 105 ,\ pages 9982 ( year 1996 ) NoStop

    1996

  162. [170]

    Davis , author N

    author author M. Davis , author N. Klein , author D. Damjanovic , author N. Setter , author A. Gross , author V. Wesemann , author S. Vernay , \ and\ author D. Rytz ,\ @noop journal journal Applied physics letters \ volume 90 ( year 2007 ) NoStop

    2007

  163. [171]

    merlin.mbs apsrev4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked

    FUNCTION id.bst "merlin.mbs apsrev4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked" ENTRY address archive archivePrefix author bookaddress booktitle chapter collaboration doi edition editor eid eprint howpublished institution isbn issn journal key language month note number orga...

    2010

  164. [172]

    merlin.mbs apsrmp4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked

    FUNCTION id.bst "merlin.mbs apsrmp4-1.bst 2010-07-25 4.21a (PWD, AO, DPC) hacked" ENTRY address archive archivePrefix author bookaddress booktitle chapter collaboration doi edition editor eid eprint howpublished institution isbn issn journal key language month note number orga...

    2010

Pith tools

Reviewed August 15, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.