Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage"

As of 15 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 29 of 29 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2506.18600.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.18600 v1

Coverage vector

measured 29 of 29 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:14.651403Z

measured 30 of 30 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T06:55:25.152366Z

measured 1 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Reference resolution

29 of 29 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy26
unresolved3
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

0
pith, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Outbound references

Observation 66dc9b26-f279-45a0-9e8b-f8a702135cd3 · outbound

This paper cites Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:12.455357Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7b046313-c9cf-4f7c-8a11-440f7f6ec887 · outbound

This paper cites Emergent social con- ventions and collective bias in llm populations.Science Advances, 11(20):eadu9368, 2025.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Emergent social con- ventions and collective bias in llm populations.Science Advances, 11(20):eadu9368, 2025

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.942749Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e62d21e7-792a-43c9-acce-4f777f4a935f · outbound

This paper cites How malicious ai swarms can threaten democracy, Jun 2025.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" How malicious ai swarms can threaten democracy, Jun 2025

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.820126Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 0b2f02b3-8d95-4c8e-87cf-82f9ec2e057f · outbound

This paper cites Anderson.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Anderson

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.666115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b3de5651-6dca-49ed-969f-bfaafc262d50 · outbound

This paper cites Hayek.The Constitution of Liberty.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Hayek.The Constitution of Liberty

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.520361Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 0b83b21b-4e6d-404e-886f-c988f0d1ff26 · outbound

This paper cites Spontaneous order.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(2):85–97, 1989.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Spontaneous order.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(2):85–97, 1989

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.328845Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 90f740f7-58d3-4ef8-af5b-3e0caf1eb22f · outbound

This paper cites Springer, 1988.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Springer, 1988

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.115821Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation fb7d598b-eb0a-460d-8234-b31d703d7ffe · outbound

This paper cites Hyperion, 2003.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Hyperion, 2003

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.988278Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 9da6514f-b25d-4091-bc96-fc32bc1c21ba · outbound

This paper cites Baronchelli.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Baronchelli

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.807342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e9f03979-8709-4f94-8b2b-116acdf5a953 · outbound

This paper cites From the origin of life to pandemics: Emergent phenomena in complex systems.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 380(2227):20200410, 2022.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" From the origin of life to pandemics: Emergent phenomena in complex systems.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 380(2227):20200410, 2022

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.625888Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 53a9a921-f5f5-480c-9cf2-125d82006231 · outbound

This paper cites Behavioral ex- periments on biased voting in networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(5):1347–1352, 2009.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Behavioral ex- periments on biased voting in networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(5):1347–1352, 2009

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.421151Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 7c381df0-e24e-496e-b63a-bb2c34cf02f6 · outbound

This paper cites Experimental study of inequality and unpredictability in an artificial cultural market.science, 311(5762):854–856, 2006.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Experimental study of inequality and unpredictability in an artificial cultural market.science, 311(5762):854–856, 2006

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.223974Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation a0f30023-dd17-4638-8667-0498f7e2a8cb · outbound

This paper cites Behavioral dynamics and influence in networked coloring and consensus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(34):14978–14982, 2010.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Behavioral dynamics and influence in networked coloring and consensus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(34):14978–14982, 2010

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.035724Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 22ad6f64-0288-410e-9587-23ff94eed249 · outbound

This paper cites John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" John Wiley & Sons, 2008

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:16.915715Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation ca569bb5-0b1b-441f-95a0-f133ca14df4d · outbound

This paper cites Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Cambridge University Press, 2005

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:16.732743Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b9d68f0a-f01e-4465-a9db-673861cdd98b · outbound

This paper cites Norms and conventions.Philosophical Explo- rations, 14(2):195–217, 2011.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Norms and conventions.Philosophical Explo- rations, 14(2):195–217, 2011

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:16.542236Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 791734bc-29ac-4586-88fd-0a756e81a968 · outbound

This paper cites The dynamics of norm change in the cultural evolution of language.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(33):8260–8265, 2018.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" The dynamics of norm change in the cultural evolution of language.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(33):8260–8265, 2018

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:16.378980Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation ee8f694b-953e-474a-ab4e-55695b8ffbfb · outbound

This paper cites A research agenda for the study of social norm change.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 380(2227):20200411, 2022.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" A research agenda for the study of social norm change.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 380(2227):20200411, 2022

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:16.232298Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b6c0ca94-9297-4c49-ae82-56d7a1289d5c · outbound

This paper cites Ehrlich and Simon A.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Ehrlich and Simon A

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:16.108767Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation dba725e9-36be-483b-b662-0a13bbb0b763 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:16.019671Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 52509dbf-4bbd-41b2-bd5f-facbe5e5976a · outbound

This paper cites A self-organizing spatial vocabulary.Artificial Life, 2(3):319–332, 1995.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" A self-organizing spatial vocabulary.Artificial Life, 2(3):319–332, 1995

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:15.884733Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation ffbe168e-2314-4d1e-b851-6b16dd5b5c4f · outbound

This paper cites Sharp transition towards shared vocabularies in multi-agent systems.Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2006(06):P06014, 2006.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Sharp transition towards shared vocabularies in multi-agent systems.Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2006(06):P06014, 2006

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:15.729099Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 3b8b2689-b606-4c87-ae8d-911e7c2bc067 · outbound

This paper cites Lim, and Boleslaw K.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Lim, and Boleslaw K

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:15.607589Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 47431c6f-a04e-42e6-a96c-edcd76eb47fb · outbound

This paper cites The spontaneous emergence of conventions: An experimental study of cultural evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(7):1989–1994, 2015.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" The spontaneous emergence of conventions: An experimental study of cultural evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(7):1989–1994, 2015

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:15.502769Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation da9208a0-a787-4aac-8590-59da35a7c713 · outbound

This paper cites Experi- mental evidence for tipping points in social convention.Science, 360(6393):1116–1119, 2018.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Experi- mental evidence for tipping points in social convention.Science, 360(6393):1116–1119, 2018

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:15.392001Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 92bef8e4-4018-4c74-81dd-a8f4a52517e8 · outbound

This paper cites cambridge university Press, 1999.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" cambridge university Press, 1999

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:15.281629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e83ced73-6927-4e1c-8d3a-a876ae9afc7d · outbound

This paper cites Statistical physics of social dynamics.Reviews of modern physics, 81(2):591–646, 2009.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Statistical physics of social dynamics.Reviews of modern physics, 81(2):591–646, 2009

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:14.476735Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 621cbd57-fdb5-4739-8c1d-236aad7eaabb · outbound

This paper cites Nicer than humans: How do large language models behave in the prisoner’s dilemma? InProceedings of the International Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM), 2025.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Nicer than humans: How do large language models behave in the prisoner’s dilemma? InProceedings of the International Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM), 2025

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:15.099901Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e82756ff-253b-4ece-87c8-72fce9e55cb3 · outbound

This paper cites Finally, do you think that you are playing against a single player or a whole population?.

Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Finally, do you think that you are playing against a single player or a whole population?

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:14.884197Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 55a938fb-69c2-48cb-a99f-a57f4bc2ce06 · inbound

Addressing Longstanding Challenges in Cognitive Science with Language Models cites this paper.

Addressing Longstanding Challenges in Cognitive Science with Language Models Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage"

Reference 94

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-04T06:59:22.809832Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.