Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models | Paper Citation Record

Observation a03bcf97-2075-4062-a7cb-fdf48d4263fb · outbound

This paper cites Extracting Self-Consistent Causal Insights from Users Feedback with LLMs and In-context Learning.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Extracting Self-Consistent Causal Insights from Users Feedback with LLMs and In-context Learning

Reference 1

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Observation 06e3fb15-5553-4929-beef-d9a3378eb64c · outbound

This paper cites Estimating conditional average treatment effects.Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 33(4):485–505, 2015.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Estimating conditional average treatment effects.Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 33(4):485–505, 2015

Reference 2

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Observation ef7a40c8-c3e1-41d6-9371-54a919e09ca3 · outbound

This paper cites The costs of low birth weight.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3):1031–1083, 2005.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models The costs of low birth weight.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3):1031–1083, 2005

Reference 3

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Observation 0ddb067e-3b4d-4e8f-9d50-12b04be65a8a · outbound

This paper cites Concentration of kernel matrices with application to kernel spectral clustering.The Annals of Statistics, 49(1):531–556, 2021.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Concentration of kernel matrices with application to kernel spectral clustering.The Annals of Statistics, 49(1):531–556, 2021

Reference 4

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Observation eb527eac-c250-4150-ade8-7be219ea08fd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.891329Z

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Observation 00e04e93-7349-4efd-970d-2912074e24cd · outbound

This paper cites Counterfactual representation learning with balancing weights.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Counterfactual representation learning with balancing weights

Reference 6

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Observation e0cbf440-fca3-489c-ae7f-55d85717fd0e · outbound

This paper cites Bellemare, Jeffrey R.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Bellemare, Jeffrey R

Reference 7

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Observation 3af8da80-2af5-4d26-aff0-57884a4b1618 · outbound

This paper cites Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching.Journal of economic surveys, 22(1):31–72, 2008.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching.Journal of economic surveys, 22(1):31–72, 2008

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.845639Z

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Observation fb819caf-35f2-4e3d-9fa9-c51d3cb1471a · outbound

This paper cites Quantifying and Mitigating Unimodal Biases in Multimodal Large Language Models: A Causal Perspective.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Quantifying and Mitigating Unimodal Biases in Multimodal Large Language Models: A Causal Perspective

Reference 9

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Observation 8fdd67f4-a6bc-4a01-87ad-c4363b734597 · outbound

This paper cites Causal Evaluation of Language Models.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal Evaluation of Language Models

Reference 10

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Observation 6a905d9b-b9ba-421b-872f-950fbc1a5759 · outbound

This paper cites End-To-End Causal Effect Estimation from Unstructured Natural Language Data.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models End-To-End Causal Effect Estimation from Unstructured Natural Language Data

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.305461Z

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Observation e45c393d-38d0-49cd-ae97-e3bd20c1d733 · outbound

This paper cites Franks, Alexander D’Amour, and Avi Feller.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Franks, Alexander D’Amour, and Avi Feller

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.831548Z

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Observation 7bc88e08-6219-40a2-be10-09617bb68dc0 · outbound

This paper cites Fulcher, Ilya Shpitser, Stella Marealle, and Eric J.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Fulcher, Ilya Shpitser, Stella Marealle, and Eric J

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.816437Z

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Observation 3c7b400c-f452-41bf-90ad-cc196df9ea36 · outbound

This paper cites Causal inference in sociological research.Annual review of sociology, 36(1):21– 47, 2010.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal inference in sociological research.Annual review of sociology, 36(1):21– 47, 2010

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.800942Z

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Observation f5e25fc0-635a-474d-9581-a23b4e25b9dc · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 15

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Observation ba0bc2f9-e674-493e-861c-9a19344e0c2a · outbound

This paper cites A review of instrumental variables estimation of treatment effects in the applied health sciences.Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 7:159–179, 2007.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models A review of instrumental variables estimation of treatment effects in the applied health sciences.Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 7:159–179, 2007

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.785993Z

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Observation 5191cd97-946f-4d48-a74c-82a9da75cb89 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 17

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Observation 2a8b8506-9ede-4163-b8f0-eeecc9da0f83 · outbound

This paper cites Causal agent based on large language model.arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.06849, 2024.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal agent based on large language model.arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.06849, 2024

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Observation b1a5cd6d-8288-4629-a9fd-d4dfd25f3472 · outbound

This paper cites Combining Observational and Randomized Data for Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Combining Observational and Randomized Data for Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:39.090833Z

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Observation 898a40ee-c3e4-41f8-b742-d8fea2b58f0e · outbound

This paper cites Bayesian nonparametric modeling for causal inference.Journal of Computa- tional and Graphical Statistics, 20(1):217–240, 2011.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Bayesian nonparametric modeling for causal inference.Journal of Computa- tional and Graphical Statistics, 20(1):217–240, 2011

Reference 20

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Observation 9cf20a5d-0fb9-47ff-bf13-df3cf4ae9323 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models GPT-4o System Card

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:39.385198Z

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Observation 8db0487e-84fe-4d56-bbe7-eee3234b537e · outbound

This paper cites Reasoning Elicitation in Language Models via Counterfactual Feedback.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Reasoning Elicitation in Language Models via Counterfactual Feedback

Reference 22

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Observation ab26a480-d3cb-4fc3-981e-34360fdcffe0 · outbound

This paper cites Causal representation learning with generative artificial intelligence: Application to texts as treatments, 2024.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal representation learning with generative artificial intelligence: Application to texts as treatments, 2024

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.760396Z

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Observation 0a4a19b4-08b0-477b-a23b-812234df269a · outbound

This paper cites Instrumental variables: An econometrician’s perspective.Political Methods: Quantitative Methods eJournal, 2014.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Instrumental variables: An econometrician’s perspective.Political Methods: Quantitative Methods eJournal, 2014

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Observation a8210b34-e267-4049-9981-29710f172439 · outbound

This paper cites Quantifying ignorance in individual-level causal-effect estimates under hidden confounding.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Quantifying ignorance in individual-level causal-effect estimates under hidden confounding

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.729742Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 68a69d67-9114-4891-9068-747530a69d06 · outbound

This paper cites Cladder: Assessing causal reasoning in language models.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36:31038–31065, 2023.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Cladder: Assessing causal reasoning in language models.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36:31038–31065, 2023

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.714000Z

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Observation 78133682-ef60-4838-bfe0-7e7292af20af · outbound

This paper cites Removing Hidden Confounding by Experimental Grounding.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Removing Hidden Confounding by Experimental Grounding

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:40.089266Z

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Observation 8a25f630-d8eb-4cfc-bd75-89609576b86f · outbound

This paper cites Metalearners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using machine learning.Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 116(10):4156–4165, 2019.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Metalearners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using machine learning.Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 116(10):4156–4165, 2019

Reference 28

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Observation ab1b23ce-090b-4449-a574-81b159ceadab · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating the econometric evaluations of training programs with experi- mental data.The American economic review, pages 604–620, 1986.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Evaluating the econometric evaluations of training programs with experi- mental data.The American economic review, pages 604–620, 1986

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.689346Z

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Observation f0d1e105-7c46-492f-832a-2392f455dee7 · outbound

This paper cites Removing hidden confounding in recommendation: A unified multi-task learning approach.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Removing hidden confounding in recommendation: A unified multi-task learning approach

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.673967Z

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Observation 004a346d-a617-463b-a5d0-1a7c198aab92 · outbound

This paper cites Optimizing Language Models for Human Preferences is a Causal Inference Problem.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Optimizing Language Models for Human Preferences is a Causal Inference Problem

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Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.139490Z

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Observation 212dcd85-b624-4b20-9b1f-739bf00a259f · outbound

This paper cites Text-Transport: Toward Learning Causal Effects of Natural Language.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Text-Transport: Toward Learning Causal Effects of Natural Language

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.120656Z

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Observation fb7a3bbf-4110-46d0-bfd4-05a9442468f7 · outbound

This paper cites Discovery of the hidden world with large language models, 2024.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Discovery of the hidden world with large language models, 2024

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.658637Z

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Observation 3419b8ba-7923-4f80-9f88-2288e98ecce0 · outbound

This paper cites Causal effect inference with deep latent-variable models.Advances in neural information processing systems, 30, 2017.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal effect inference with deep latent-variable models.Advances in neural information processing systems, 30, 2017

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Observation 2c3750b8-1300-405e-beed-b1d2c0f4a7e5 · outbound

This paper cites Causal Inference with Large Language Model: A Survey.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal Inference with Large Language Model: A Survey

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Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:40.937719Z

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Observation a073a52a-5d55-4898-8c70-1f9f0f5def2a · outbound

This paper cites Answering causal questions with augmented llms.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Answering causal questions with augmented llms

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.633580Z

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Observation f3a3d661-39c8-4778-aef0-ef47d12e151d · outbound

This paper cites Causal inference in statistics: An overview.Statistics Surveys, 3:96–146, 2009.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal inference in statistics: An overview.Statistics Surveys, 3:96–146, 2009

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Observation 7363ed82-7dff-41d6-a07a-7eda37832e05 · outbound

This paper cites Basic books, 2018.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Basic books, 2018

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Observation 8944b893-9fd0-4d37-ab0a-46568f554029 · outbound

This paper cites Sutherland, and Arthur Gretton.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Sutherland, and Arthur Gretton

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.600336Z

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Observation 1f18cf20-0feb-4ee5-b9e6-fb2568655cf2 · outbound

This paper cites Causal inference and counterfactual prediction in machine learning for actionable healthcare.Nature Machine Intelligence, 2(7):369–375, 2020.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal inference and counterfactual prediction in machine learning for actionable healthcare.Nature Machine Intelligence, 2(7):369–375, 2020

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Observation efbc5e44-2be9-4f93-aac9-aaea6e177826 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 technical report, 2025.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Qwen2.5 technical report, 2025

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Observation f6ed3eb6-bd74-491d-97f5-09e7e8b259a8 · outbound

This paper cites Robins, Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Robins, Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.568399Z

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Observation c9cb55e6-f272-471a-b5c0-89aea9f928b6 · outbound

This paper cites Rosenbaum and Donald B.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Rosenbaum and Donald B

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.553952Z

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Observation 95fd65c2-3c80-4a3b-9727-e2524f82a875 · outbound

This paper cites Causal inference using potential outcomes: Design, modeling, decisions.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal inference using potential outcomes: Design, modeling, decisions

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.539752Z

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Observation df5bd7ff-81cf-403d-8399-278a32d42f5b · outbound

This paper cites Front-door Adjustment Beyond Markov Equivalence with Limited Graph Knowledge.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Front-door Adjustment Beyond Markov Equivalence with Limited Graph Knowledge

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Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.086632Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 6763454c-8c36-4231-9310-964028c09f74 · outbound

This paper cites Estimating individual treatment effect: generalization bounds and algorithms.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Estimating individual treatment effect: generalization bounds and algorithms

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Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:41.766809Z

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Observation 7598c1b6-71ef-4564-a070-2886acb6f88f · outbound

This paper cites End-to-end cost-effective incentive recommendation under budget constraint with uplift modeling.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models End-to-end cost-effective incentive recommendation under budget constraint with uplift modeling

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.516189Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4153088e-4fe9-43bd-bd77-1f9d1ee3f575 · outbound

This paper cites Causal abstraction for chain-of-thought reasoning in arithmetic word problems.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal abstraction for chain-of-thought reasoning in arithmetic word problems

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.501468Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 257d48b2-37d1-47fa-8e62-e2806def2c64 · outbound

This paper cites Causal inference in economics and marketing.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(27):7310–7315, 2016.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal inference in economics and marketing.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(27):7310–7315, 2016

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.486148Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation be4a7ec7-9c2b-4bb1-892b-3c5f77e75ed6 · outbound

This paper cites Sense and Sensitivity Analysis: Simple Post-Hoc Analysis of Bias Due to Unobserved Confounding.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Sense and Sensitivity Analysis: Simple Post-Hoc Analysis of Bias Due to Unobserved Confounding

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Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.066031Z

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Observation d5b2b5e2-175d-429b-9bbf-9649b1897894 · outbound

This paper cites Optimal transport for treatment effect estimation.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Optimal transport for treatment effect estimation

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.470525Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0288a183-9f7a-4733-84d1-5bf307df69b9 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models

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Observation 6b21ee1e-09f0-49db-a20e-93fcb44fe02d · outbound

This paper cites Li, and Fei Wu.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Li, and Fei Wu

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Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.447566Z

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Observation 4ec5c7e3-6e0b-4f09-bdaa-a40482daf086 · outbound

This paper cites Stable estimation of heteroge- neous treatment effects.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Stable estimation of heteroge- neous treatment effects

Reference 54

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Observation d5625606-bfc1-44cf-a1c1-eeae08be5566 · outbound

This paper cites Integrative r-learner of heterogeneous treatment effects combining experimental and observational studies.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Integrative r-learner of heterogeneous treatment effects combining experimental and observational studies

Reference 55

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.416678Z

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Observation 7c6b4781-d4aa-4b61-8d3f-50d830300865 · outbound

This paper cites Representation learning for treatment effect estimation from observational data.Advances in neural information processing systems, 31, 2018.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Representation learning for treatment effect estimation from observational data.Advances in neural information processing systems, 31, 2018

Reference 56

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Observation dac0ff39-0c98-44a3-bdaa-5dd7f47e7b80 · outbound

This paper cites Causal-cog: A causal-effect look at context generation for boosting multi-modal language models.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models Causal-cog: A causal-effect look at context generation for boosting multi-modal language models

Reference 57

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Observation 36d700d4-69ed-4762-82f7-f95f62669b50 · outbound

This paper cites The unobserved counterfactual remains inaccessible.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models The unobserved counterfactual remains inaccessible

Reference 58

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:43:42.370499Z

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Observation 280c36e3-d8ff-4312-a310-5594c7cdf053 · outbound

This paper cites To address these challenges, [38] proposed a two-stage framework.

Mitigating Hidden Confounding by Progressive Confounder Imputation via Large Language Models To address these challenges, [38] proposed a two-stage framework

Reference 59

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