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REVIEW 4 major objections 4 minor 3 cited by

Temperature dependence of surface superconductivity in t-PtBi$_2$

T0 review · 4 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The paper reports that the Type-A surface of the Weyl semimetal t-PtBi2 carries a superconducting gap near 9 meV that fills in and closes only around 45–50 K, far above the roughly 1 K bulk transition, and it uses this temperature…

desk verdict The temperature-dependent STS data are a real experimental asset, but the paper overreaches by asserting Tc ≈ 50 K surface superconductivity without excluding pseudogap alternatives. read the letter →

arxiv 2507.10187 v1 pith:RPVOPUDJ submitted 2025-07-14 cond-mat.supr-con

Julia Besproswanny , Sebastian Schimmel , Yanina Fasano , Grigory Shipunov , Saicharan Aswartham , Danny Baumann , Bernd Büchner , Christian Hess This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.supr-con
keywords surfacesuperconductivityt-PtBi2WeylsemimetalscanningtunnelingspectroscopytopologicalsuperconductorFermiarcsBCSratioDyneslifetimebroadening
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper reports scanning tunneling spectroscopy of cleaved t-PtBi2 from 8 K to 45 K on the Type-A, decorated-honeycomb surface. It finds a zero-bias depression in the differential conductance whose half width at half minimum is (9.0 ± 0.5) meV at 8 K, and which progressively fills in on warming, with almost no dip left at 45 K and a gapless, step-like spectrum at 50 K. The authors interpret this as a superconducting gap intrinsic to the surface, closing at a surface critical temperature near (50 ± 5) K, with a BCS ratio of 4.2 ± 0.2. If correct, this is high-temperature surface superconductivity in a topological semimetal while the bulk remains normal down to about 1 K, making t-PtBi2 a candidate intrinsic topological superconductor.

What carries the argument

The carrying object is the zero-bias dip in the normalized dI/dU spectrum measured with scanning tunneling spectroscopy. With coherence peaks absent, the gap size is estimated from the full width at half minimum rather than from a BCS fit, and the temperature evolution is tracked through the zero-bias conductance (ZBC). The authors compare the measured ZBC(T) to simulations of an s-wave Dynes density of states with Δ = 9 meV and Γ = (8 ± 2) meV, and they overlay the thermally broadened 8 K spectrum at each temperature to show that the observed closing is not simple Fermi-edge broadening. The Dynes lifetime parameter plays a central role: it suppresses coherence peaks, makes the half width at half minimum a lower bound on the true gap, and lets the simulated ZBC(T) curves reproduce the data on a comparable numerical scale.

What would settle it

Measure the magnetic response of a cleaved t-PtBi2 surface between 10 K and 45 K: observing a Meissner expulsion or a vortex lattice would confirm superconductivity, while finding no diamagnetic response while the spectral dip persists would falsify the superconducting interpretation of the gap.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that surface superconductivity in t-PtBi2 is a separate, much higher-temperature order than the bulk transition: a large gap of about 9 meV persists above 40 K and closes only near 45–50 K. Because the spectra lack coherence peaks, the authors do not fit a BCS density of states; instead they take the half width at half minimum as a lower bound on the gap and test the temperature dependence of the zero-bias conductance against Dynes-broadened s-wave simulations with Δ = 9 meV, Γ = (8 ± 2) meV, and a BCS ratio of 4.2. The measured zero-bias conductance follows the simulated curve qualitatively, and thermal broadening alone cannot reproduce the observed closing. The paper therefore concludes that the surface critical temperature is about (50 ± 5) K and that the pairing is weak-to-moderate coupling, with 2Δ/kBTc = 4.2 ± 0.2.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the zero-bias dip in the tunneling spectrum is a genuine superconducting gap; if it is instead a pseudogap, density-wave gap, or fluctuation gap, then the Tc ≈ 50 K estimate read off its disappearance has no support.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • The surface of t-PtBi2 would exhibit a superconducting state that sets in near 50 K while the bulk stays normal until about 1 K, implying the surface order is effectively two-dimensional and decoupled from bulk superconductivity.
  • The derived BCS ratio of 4.2 ± 0.2 places the surface pairing in the weak-to-moderate coupling range, closer to conventional superconductors than to strongly coupled cuprates.
  • Because lifetime broadening Γ is comparable to the gap, the true gap could be larger than the estimated 9 meV, so a precise gap determination is needed to firm up Tc and the coupling classification.
  • The coexistence of a high surface Tc with topologically nontrivial Fermi arcs makes t-PtBi2 a practical platform in which to search for zero-bias Majorana modes at the surface.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Going beyond the paper, a field-dependent tunneling study is the natural next test: if the 9 meV dip is a superconducting gap, an in-plane field should suppress it or generate vortices, whereas a correlation gap would show a different field response.
  • Because STS averages over momenta while the Fermi-arc order is localized away from the Γ point, tunneling-matrix-element effects could make the apparent gap and its temperature dependence vary between tips; the paper notes this possibility but does not quantify it.
  • If the surface superconductivity is confined to the top layer, its Tc could be tunable by electrostatic gating or stacking variations; the paper mentions known two-dimensional Tc shifts in thin films but does not test them here.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 4 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements of the differential conductance dI/dU on the decorated honeycomb (Type A) surface of t-PtBi2 between 8 K and 45 K. The central observation is a broad zero-bias dip of ~38% depth at 8 K, with a half-width at half minimum of about 9 meV, which progressively fills in with increasing temperature faster than the purely thermal broadening of the 8 K spectrum. The authors interpret this as the closing of a superconducting gap and estimate Tc ≈ (50 ± 5) K and a BCS ratio 2Δ/kBTc ≈ 4.2 ± 0.2, concluding that intrinsic topological surface superconductivity with high Tc is confirmed. The paper includes a simulation of the zero-bias conductance based on a Dynes-broadened BCS density of states and a supplement documenting raw and processed spectra.

Significance. If the identification of the dip as a superconducting gap is correct, the claim that the surface of t-PtBi2 superconducts up to ~50 K, an order of magnitude above the bulk Tc ≈ 1 K, is extraordinary and would make t-PtBi2 the highest-Tc candidate for intrinsic topological surface superconductivity. The raw temperature series is a genuine asset: the comparison with the thermally broadened 8 K spectrum clearly shows that the dip fills in faster than trivial thermal broadening, providing model-independent evidence for a temperature-driven change in the electronic structure. The paper neither fits the spectra with a BCS form nor presents transport or magnetic evidence, so the quantitative claims (Tc, RBCS) rest on a single spectral feature and a simulation whose inputs are the claimed quantities. If the feature is a pseudogap, density-wave, or junction-related artifact, the central claims lose their evidentiary base.

major comments (4)
  1. [Supplement, Fig. S3; main text 'Based on our observations'] The estimate Tc ≈ (50 ± 5) K is not directly supported by data: the 50 K spectrum, which would show the fully gapped-to-normal transition, is excluded from the main analysis because of a reported change of the tunneling junction, and at the highest consistently measured temperature of 45 K a finite (though strongly reduced) dip remains. The extrapolation from a shallow dip to a transition temperature therefore rests on an assumption, and the statement 'at T = 50 K the gap is fully closed' is based on an inconsistent spectrum. The Tc value and the BCS ratio RBCS = 2Δ/kBTc = 4.2 ± 0.2 inherit this uncertainty.
  2. [Fig. 3 and Supplement Eq. (S1)] The ZBC simulation in Fig. 3 is not an independent validation of the superconducting scenario. It assumes an s-wave Dynes density of states with Δ = 9 meV, Γ = (8 ± 2) meV, and RBCS = 4.2, and the latter directly fixes Tc through RBCS = 2Δ/kBTc. The agreement between the simulated and measured ZBC curves is therefore built in by construction and cannot serve as a check of the claimed gap size or critical temperature. The simulation merely demonstrates that a strongly lifetime-broadened BCS DOS can reproduce a qualitatively similar ZBC trace; it does not distinguish superconductivity from other gap mechanisms.
  3. [Discussion paragraph on missing coherence peaks] The identification of the observed dip as a superconducting gap is not established. The spectra show no coherence peaks, and the Discussion explicitly lists incoherent pair formation and proximity to a quantum critical point as alternative mechanisms that produce a gap with suppressed coherence peaks. The statement that 'the nonzero ZBC value can be attributed to the surface nature of the superconductivity' is an assumption, and the paper provides no vortex, field-dependence, Meissner, or transport data to support it. Without such evidence, the interpretation of the gap closing as 'the transition between the superconducting ground state and the normal state' is not forced by the data.
  4. [Main text, paragraph on BCS ratio] The uncertainty quoted for RBCS = 4.2 ± 0.2 does not propagate the systematic uncertainty in Δ. The paper itself states that FWHM/2 is 'almost certainly an underestimation of the real gap size' for reasonable Γ (Supplement Fig. S1), which means the true BCS ratio is a lower bound, not a measured value. In addition, the error bar neglects the excluded 50 K spectrum and the unknown effect of the linear-background subtraction. The comparison with weak-coupling values (Hg, MgB2) is therefore presented with a precision the data do not support.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Abstract and main text] The abstract states 'a closing of the gap around Tc ≈ 45 K' while the body concludes Tc ≈ (50 ± 5) K; these two statements should be made consistent.
  2. [Methods and Fig. 1 caption] The methods section states set-point parameters for spectra are U_Bias = 50 mV and I_T = 500 pA, but the topography in Fig. 1(a) uses I_T = 50 pA; the difference should be clarified in the figure caption or text.
  3. [Fig. 1(b)] The annotation '2Δ = 18 mV' should use meV as the energy unit.
  4. [References] Reference [10] appears as a footnote-like note rather than a full citation; it should be converted to a proper reference with authors and journal.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 4.0 of 10

The Fig. 3 ZBC simulation uses the claimed BCS ratio, gap, and lifetime as inputs, so its agreement with the data is a self-consistency check; the raw gap-closing data still independently support the main observation.

  1. fitted input called prediction [Figure 3 caption; main text paragraph 'The gap closing is further validated by the temperature evolution of the ZBC as presented in Figure 3.']
    "The simulated curve (dashed orange line) was obtained from simulations assuming an s-wave ordered gap with a size of Δ = 9 meV, a Dynes parameter Γ = (8 ± 2) meV and a BCS-ratio RBCS = 4.2 ... The curves show a qualitatively similar behavior on a comparable numerical scale."

    RBCS = 4.2 is not an external input: the paper computes it from the very quantities under test, RBCS = 2Δ/(kB Tc) = 4.2 ± 0.2, using the measured Δest ≈ 9 meV and the Tc ≈ (50 ± 5) K estimated from the same dI/dU temperature series. The Figure 3 simulation then inserts that RBCS, along with Δ = 9 meV and Γ = 8 ± 2 meV, into the s-wave Dynes DOS and generates a ZBC(T) curve. Comparing that curve to the measured ZBC(T) is therefore not an independent test of the superconducting interpretation; it is a self-consistency check whose inputs already encode the claimed gap size, lifetime broadening, and critical temperature. The agreement is partly forced by construction and cannot, by itself, strengthen the Tc estimate.

full rationale

The central empirical observation — a ~9 meV zero-bias dip at 8 K that progressively fills and is almost gone by 45 K — is raw STS data and does not depend on the simulation; it also survives the thermal-broadening control (the dotted Fermi-convolution curves in Fig. 2 still show a persisting dip at 40–45 K). No load-bearing self-citation was found: prior work by the same group is cited for surface termination and for previously observed gap sizes, but the present temperature series is new and independent. The only identifiable circular step is the Fig. 3 validation, where the simulated ZBC curve is generated using the same Δ, Γ, and RBCS that are derived from or matched to the data it is said to validate; this raises the score to 4, indicating partial circularity in the validation rather than in the core observation. The paper's own caveats about pseudogap, incoherent pair formation, and the excluded 50 K spectrum are correctness risks about whether the dip is a superconducting gap, not additional circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The quantitative conclusions depend on two tuned simulation parameters (the Dynes lifetime Γ and the BCS ratio, which is itself derived from the claimed Δ and Tc), one per-spectrum background fit, and several unproved modeling assumptions. No new particles, forces, or material entities are introduced; the Majorana discussion is motivation, not an ingredient. The raw observation of gap closing does not depend on the simulation parameters, but every quantitative statement, including Δ, Tc, and RBCS, passes through at least one modeling assumption.

free parameters (3)
  • Dynes lifetime parameter Γ = 8 ± 2 meV
    Chosen by hand so that simulated DOS reproduces the missing coherence peaks and the ZBC level; the simulation margins use Γ = 6 and 10 meV (Figs. S1, S2, and Fig. 3).
  • BCS ratio RBCS used in the ZBC simulation = 4.2 (claimed)
    Computed as 2Δ/(kB Tc) from the same measured Δ and estimated Tc that the paper claims, then fed into the simulation as a fixed input; this makes the Figure 3 agreement partly self-referential.
  • Per-spectrum linear background slope = not reported per spectrum
    Each dI/dU spectrum is fitted with a line in the full energy range and the slope is subtracted (Supplement Fig. S3), which can change the apparent depth and shape of the gap feature.
assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption dI/dU is proportional to the sample electronic density of states
    Standard STS assumption used in the main text to interpret the spectra as the excitation spectrum of a superconductor.
  • domain assumption The Dynes DOS model with lifetime broadening describes the measured states
    Equation S1 is used to simulate all spectra; the regime with Γ near Δ is gapless-like and is asserted rather than derived from independent data.
  • domain assumption The gap follows s-wave BCS temperature dependence in the simulations
    The simulated ZBC(T) curves (Fig. S2, Fig. 3) assume an s-wave BCS gap closing; no test of other symmetries or fluctuation scenarios is provided.
  • standard math Thermal broadening is described by convolving the 8 K spectrum with the derivative of the Fermi function
    Used in Fig. 2 to rule out trivial thermal broadening; this is the standard convolution approach, but it assumes a constant normal-state background over the measured range.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Temperature dependence of surface superconductivity in t-PtBi$_2$." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/RPVOPUDJ

@misc{pith2026250710187,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Temperature dependence of surface superconductivity in t-PtBi$_2$},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/RPVOPUDJ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2507.10187}
}
abstract

The Weyl semimetal trigonal PtBi$_2$ has recently been identified as a promising candidate material for intrinsic topological surface superconductivity emerging from the Fermi arc states of the material with a sizeable superconducting gap. We report the temperature evolution of the superconducting excitation spectrum using scanning tunneling spectroscopy in the range of $8-45\,$K. A large low-temperature gap in the order of $\Delta \approx 9\,$meV and a closing of the gap around $T_c \approx 45\,$K is observed. Thus, our results confirm the previously indicated high $T_c$-like superconductivity in t-PtBi$_2$.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2507.10187 by the authors.

Figure 2
Figure 2. shows the central result of this study, i.e., the STS average spectra obtained on warming up to 45 K (solid lines). As can be clearly seen, the energy gap at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FIG. 3. Evolution of the ZBC with temperature. The blue [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗

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Forward citations

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